Split GPU heuristic tables by scope

.gitignore

@@ -8,15 +8,6 @@ EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/bin/*
 EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/obj/*
 EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests/bin/*
 EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests/obj/*
-BuildDivisorTransitions/bin/*
-BuildDivisorTransitions/obj/*
-DeviceDependentGenerator/bin/*
-DeviceDependentGenerator/obj/*
-DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests/bin/*
-DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests/obj/*
 PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/bin/*
 PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/obj/*
 .DS_Store
-.vs/*
-*.generated.cs
-PerfectNumbers.Core/generated/*

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@
       "options": [
         "EvenPerfectBitScanner",
         "EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser",
-        "EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks",
-        "BuildDivisorTransitions"
+        "EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks"
       ],
       "default": "EvenPerfectBitScanner"
     }
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@
       "type": "coreclr",
       "request": "launch",
       "preLaunchTask": "Build Debug",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/${input:projectName}/bin/Debug/net9.0/${input:projectName}.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/${input:projectName}/bin/Debug/net8.0/${input:projectName}.dll",
 			"args": [
 				"--increment=add",
 				"--mersenne=bydivisor",
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@
       "request": "launch",
       "noDebug": true,
       "preLaunchTask": "Build Release",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/${input:projectName}/bin/Release/net9.0/${input:projectName}.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/${input:projectName}/bin/Release/net8.0/${input:projectName}.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -61,34 +60,7 @@
       "request": "launch",
       "noDebug": true,
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner Release",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner/bin/Release/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.dll",
-      "args": [],
-      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
-      "stopAtEntry": false,
-      "console": "integratedTerminal",
-      "internalConsoleOptions": "neverOpen",
-      "justMyCode": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Run BuildDivisorTransitions",
-      "type": "coreclr",
-      "request": "launch",
-      "noDebug": true,
-      "preLaunchTask": "Build BuildDivisorTransitions Release",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/BuildDivisorTransitions/bin/Release/net9.0/BuildDivisorTransitions.dll",
-      "args": [],
-      "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
-      "stopAtEntry": false,
-      "console": "integratedTerminal",
-      "internalConsoleOptions": "neverOpen",
-      "justMyCode": false
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Debug BuildDivisorTransitions",
-      "type": "coreclr",
-      "request": "launch",
-      "preLaunchTask": "Build BuildDivisorTransitions Debug",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/BuildDivisorTransitions/bin/Debug/net9.0/BuildDivisorTransitions.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner/bin/Release/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -102,7 +74,7 @@
       "request": "launch",
       "noDebug": true,
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser Release",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/bin/Release/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/bin/Release/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -115,7 +87,7 @@
       "type": "coreclr",
       "request": "launch",
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner Debug",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner/bin/Debug/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner/bin/Debug/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -128,7 +100,7 @@
       "type": "coreclr",
       "request": "launch",
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser Debug",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/bin/Debug/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/bin/Debug/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -142,7 +114,7 @@
       "request": "launch",
       "noDebug": true,
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks Release",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/bin/Release/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/bin/Release/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -155,7 +127,7 @@
       "type": "coreclr",
       "request": "launch",
       "preLaunchTask": "Build EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks Debug",
-      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/bin/Debug/net9.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.dll",
+      "program": "${workspaceFolder}/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/bin/Debug/net8.0/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.dll",
       "args": [],
       "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
       "stopAtEntry": false,
@@ -164,4 +136,4 @@
       "justMyCode": false
     }
   ]
-}
+}

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 	"dotnet.defaultSolution": "FlexiCoder.sln",
 	"chatgpt.openOnStartup": true,
 	"cSpell.words": [
-		"bydivisor",
 		"CCCCCCCDUL",
 		"cofactor",
 		"ILGPU",
@@ -10,7 +9,5 @@
 		"Mersenne",
 		"primality",
 		"suff"
-	],
-	"geminicodeassist.project": "evenperfectbitscanner",
-	"todo-tree.tree.showCountsInTree": true
+	]
 }

.vscode/tasks.json

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Debug",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0",
-                                "/p:DeviceDependentGenerator_CopyGeneratedToProjectDir=true"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": {
                                 "kind": "build",
@@ -30,8 +29,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0",
-                                "/p:DeviceDependentGenerator_CopyGeneratedToProjectDir=true"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Debug",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Debug",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -91,37 +89,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
-                        ],
-                        "group": "build",
-                        "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
-                },
-                {
-                        "label": "Build BuildDivisorTransitions Debug",
-                        "command": "dotnet",
-                        "type": "process",
-                        "args": [
-                                "build",
-                                "${workspaceFolder}/BuildDivisorTransitions/BuildDivisorTransitions.csproj",
-                                "--configuration",
-                                "Debug",
-                                "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
-                        ],
-                        "group": "build",
-                        "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
-                },
-                {
-                        "label": "Build BuildDivisorTransitions Release",
-                        "command": "dotnet",
-                        "type": "process",
-                        "args": [
-                                "build",
-                                "${workspaceFolder}/BuildDivisorTransitions/BuildDivisorTransitions.csproj",
-                                "--configuration",
-                                "Release",
-                                "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -137,7 +105,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "problemMatcher": []
                 },
@@ -152,22 +120,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
-                        ],
-                        "problemMatcher": []
-                },
-                {
-                        "label": "Run BuildDivisorTransitions",
-                        "type": "process",
-                        "command": "dotnet",
-                        "args": [
-                                "run",
-                                "--project",
-                                "${workspaceFolder}/BuildDivisorTransitions/BuildDivisorTransitions.csproj",
-                                "--configuration",
-                                "Release",
-                                "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "problemMatcher": []
                 },
@@ -180,7 +133,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "problemMatcher": []
                 },
@@ -194,7 +147,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Debug",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -209,7 +162,7 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "group": "build",
                         "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
@@ -225,9 +178,9 @@
                                 "--configuration",
                                 "Release",
                                 "--framework",
-                                "net9.0"
+                                "net8.0"
                         ],
                         "problemMatcher": []
                 }
         ]
-}
+}

BuildDivisorTransitions/BuildDivisorTransitions.csproj

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-    <PropertyGroup>
-        <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
-        <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
-        <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
-        <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
-    </PropertyGroup>
-</Project>

BuildDivisorTransitions/Program.cs

@@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
-using System.Globalization;
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Text;
-
-namespace BuildDivisorTransitions;
-
-internal static class Program
-{
-    private const string OutputFileName = "NextKForecastTraning.csv";
-
-    private static int Main(string[] args)
-    {
-        if (args.Length != 2)
-        {
-            PrintUsage();
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        string candidatesPath = args[0];
-        string divisorsPath = args[1];
-
-        if (!File.Exists(candidatesPath))
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Candidates file not found: {candidatesPath}");
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        if (!File.Exists(divisorsPath))
-        {
-            Console.Error.WriteLine($"Divisors file not found: {divisorsPath}");
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        List<long> candidatePs = LoadCandidates(candidatesPath);
-        Dictionary<long, BigInteger> divisors = LoadDivisors(divisorsPath);
-        List<Transition> transitions = BuildTransitions(candidatePs, divisors);
-
-        WriteOutput(transitions);
-
-        Console.WriteLine($"Saved {transitions.Count} transitions to {OutputFileName}.");
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    private static void PrintUsage()
-    {
-        Console.WriteLine("Usage: BuildDivisorTransitions <candidatesCsv> <divisorsCsv>");
-        Console.WriteLine("  candidatesCsv: CSV with columns p,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests");
-        Console.WriteLine("  divisorsCsv:   CSV with columns p,divisor");
-    }
-
-    private static List<long> LoadCandidates(string path)
-    {
-        var result = new List<long>();
-        var seen = new HashSet<long>();
-
-        using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite);
-        using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true);
-
-        while (!reader.EndOfStream)
-        {
-            string? line = reader.ReadLine();
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            string trimmedLine = line.Trim();
-            if (trimmedLine.StartsWith("p", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            string[] parts = trimmedLine.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-            if (parts.Length == 0)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (!long.TryParse(parts[0], NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out long p))
-            {
-                throw new FormatException($"Invalid p value '{parts[0]}' in {path}.");
-            }
-
-            if (seen.Add(p))
-            {
-                result.Add(p);
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private static Dictionary<long, BigInteger> LoadDivisors(string path)
-    {
-        var result = new Dictionary<long, BigInteger>();
-
-        using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite);
-        using var reader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks: true);
-
-        while (!reader.EndOfStream)
-        {
-            string? line = reader.ReadLine();
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            string trimmedLine = line.Trim();
-            if (trimmedLine.StartsWith("p", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            string[] parts = trimmedLine.Split(',', StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries);
-            if (parts.Length < 2)
-            {
-                throw new FormatException($"Line '{line}' in {path} does not contain both p and divisor columns.");
-            }
-
-            if (!long.TryParse(parts[0], NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out long p))
-            {
-                throw new FormatException($"Invalid p value '{parts[0]}' in {path}.");
-            }
-
-            if (!BigInteger.TryParse(parts[1], NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out BigInteger divisor))
-            {
-                throw new FormatException($"Invalid divisor value '{parts[1]}' for p={p} in {path}.");
-            }
-
-            if (IsProperMersenneDivisor(p, divisor))
-            {
-                result[p] = divisor;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                Console.Error.WriteLine($"Skipping invalid divisor entry p={p}, divisor={divisor} (not a proper divisor of 2^{p}-1 or fails powmod check).");
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private static List<Transition> BuildTransitions(IReadOnlyList<long> candidatePs, IReadOnlyDictionary<long, BigInteger> divisors)
-    {
-        var transitions = new List<Transition>();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < candidatePs.Count - 1; i++)
-        {
-            long currentP = candidatePs[i];
-            long nextP = candidatePs[i + 1];
-
-            if (!divisors.TryGetValue(currentP, out BigInteger currentDivisor))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (!divisors.TryGetValue(nextP, out BigInteger nextDivisor))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            BigInteger currentK = CalculateK(currentP, currentDivisor);
-            BigInteger nextK = CalculateK(nextP, nextDivisor);
-            bool isNextKHigher = nextK > currentK;
-            transitions.Add(new Transition(currentP, currentDivisor, LastDigit(currentP), currentK, LastMersenneDigit(currentP), isNextKHigher));
-        }
-
-        return transitions;
-    }
-
-    private static BigInteger CalculateK(long p, BigInteger divisor)
-    {
-        BigInteger numerator = divisor - BigInteger.One;
-        BigInteger denominator = new BigInteger(p) << 1;
-
-        if (denominator <= BigInteger.Zero)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Computed 2p is not positive for p={p}.");
-        }
-
-        BigInteger remainder = numerator % denominator;
-        if (remainder != BigInteger.Zero)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Divisor {divisor} is not congruent to 1 mod 2p for p={p}.");
-        }
-
-        BigInteger k = numerator / denominator;
-        if (k < BigInteger.One)
-        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Calculated k={k} is less than 1 for p={p}, divisor={divisor}.");
-        }
-
-        return k;
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsProperMersenneDivisor(long p, in BigInteger divisor)
-    {
-        if (p <= 1 || divisor <= BigInteger.One)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        int bitLength = GetBitLength(divisor);
-        if (bitLength > p)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (bitLength == p && IsPowerOfTwo(divisor + BigInteger.One))
-        {
-            // Divisor equals the Mersenne number itself.
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return BigInteger.ModPow(2, p, divisor) == BigInteger.One;
-    }
-
-    private static int GetBitLength(in BigInteger value)
-    {
-        if (value.IsZero)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        byte[] bytes = value.ToByteArray(isUnsigned: true, isBigEndian: false);
-        byte msb = bytes[^1];
-        return ((bytes.Length - 1) * 8) + (BitOperations.Log2(msb) + 1);
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsPowerOfTwo(in BigInteger value)
-    {
-        return value > BigInteger.One && (value & (value - BigInteger.One)) == BigInteger.Zero;
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteOutput(IReadOnlyCollection<Transition> transitions)
-    {
-        using var writer = new StreamWriter(OutputFileName, false, Encoding.UTF8);
-        writer.WriteLine("p,divisor,lastDigit,k,lastMersenneDigit,isNextKHigher");
-
-        foreach (Transition transition in transitions)
-        {
-            writer.WriteLine($"{transition.P.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)},{FormatBigInteger(transition.Divisor)},{transition.LastDigit},{FormatBigInteger(transition.CurrentK)},{transition.LastMersenneDigit},{(transition.IsNextKHigher ? "1" : "0")}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static int LastDigit(long p) => (int)(Math.Abs(p) % 10);
-
-    private static int LastMersenneDigit(long p)
-    {
-        long mod = p & 3;
-        return mod == 1 ? 1 : 7; // odd primes give p%4 == 1 or 3; 2^p mod 10 cycles -> 1 or 7 after subtracting 1
-    }
-
-    private static string FormatBigInteger(in BigInteger value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-
-    private sealed record Transition(long P, BigInteger Divisor, int LastDigit, BigInteger CurrentK, int LastMersenneDigit, bool IsNextKHigher);
-}

DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests/DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests.csproj

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-
-  <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
-    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
-    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
-    <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>
-    <IsTestProject>true</IsTestProject>
-  </PropertyGroup>
-
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.6.0" />
-    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.4.2" />
-    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="2.4.5">
-      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
-      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
-    </PackageReference>
-    <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.0">
-      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
-      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
-    </PackageReference>
-    <PackageReference Include="FluentAssertions" Version="6.12.0" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.14.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\DeviceDependentGenerator\DeviceDependentGenerator.csproj" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
-</Project>
-

DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests/DeviceDependentGeneratorTests.cs

@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-using System.Collections.Immutable;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests;
-
-public sealed class DeviceDependentGeneratorTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void Generates_classes_per_enum_value_and_filters_device_blocks_with_suffix()
-    {
-        const string attributeAndEnum = """
-            using System;
-
-            namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-            [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = false)]
-            public sealed class DeviceDependentTemplateAttribute : Attribute
-            {
-                public DeviceDependentTemplateAttribute(Type enumType) { }
-            }
-
-            [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = true)]
-            public sealed class EnumDependentTemplateAttribute : Attribute
-            {
-                public EnumDependentTemplateAttribute(Type enumType) { }
-            }
-
-            [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct, Inherited = false, AllowMultiple = false)]
-            public sealed class NameSuffixAttribute : Attribute
-            {
-                public NameSuffixAttribute(string suffix) { }
-            }
-
-            public enum CalculationDevice
-            {
-                Cpu,
-                Hybrid,
-                Gpu,
-            }
-            """;
-
-        const string template = """
-            using System;
-
-            namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-            [DeviceDependentTemplate(typeof(CalculationDevice))]
-            [NameSuffix("Impl")]
-            public static class PrimeCalculatorTemplate
-            {
-            #if DEVICE_CPU
-                public static string Device => "CPU";
-            #elif DEVICE_HYBRID
-                public static string Device => "HYBRID";
-            #elif DEVICE_GPU
-                public static string Device => "GPU";
-            #else
-            #error Unknown device
-            #endif
-            }
-            """;
-
-        CSharpCompilation compilation = CreateCompilation(attributeAndEnum, template);
-
-        var generator = new PerfectNumbers.Core.Generators.DeviceDependentGenerator();
-        var parseOptions = (CSharpParseOptions)compilation.SyntaxTrees.First().Options;
-        ISourceGenerator sourceGenerator = generator.AsSourceGenerator();
-        GeneratorDriver driver = CSharpGeneratorDriver.Create(new[] { sourceGenerator }, parseOptions: parseOptions);
-        driver = driver.RunGeneratorsAndUpdateCompilation(compilation, out _, out ImmutableArray<Diagnostic> diagnostics);
-
-        diagnostics.Should().BeEmpty();
-
-        GeneratorDriverRunResult runResult = driver.GetRunResult();
-        runResult.Diagnostics.Should().BeEmpty();
-
-        ImmutableArray<GeneratedSourceResult> generated = runResult.Results.Single().GeneratedSources;
-
-        string cpu = generated.Single(s => s.HintName.EndsWith("PrimeCalculator.CpuImpl.generated.cs", StringComparison.Ordinal)).SourceText.ToString();
-        string hybrid = generated.Single(s => s.HintName.EndsWith("PrimeCalculator.HybridImpl.generated.cs", StringComparison.Ordinal)).SourceText.ToString();
-        string gpu = generated.Single(s => s.HintName.EndsWith("PrimeCalculator.GpuImpl.generated.cs", StringComparison.Ordinal)).SourceText.ToString();
-
-        cpu.Should().Contain("class PrimeCalculatorCpuImpl");
-        cpu.Should().Contain("=> \"CPU\"");
-        cpu.Should().NotContain("#if");
-        cpu.Should().NotContain("#endif");
-
-        hybrid.Should().Contain("class PrimeCalculatorHybridImpl");
-        hybrid.Should().Contain("=> \"HYBRID\"");
-        hybrid.Should().NotContain("#if");
-        hybrid.Should().NotContain("#endif");
-
-        gpu.Should().Contain("class PrimeCalculatorGpuImpl");
-        gpu.Should().Contain("=> \"GPU\"");
-        gpu.Should().NotContain("#if");
-        gpu.Should().NotContain("#endif");
-    }
-
-    private static CSharpCompilation CreateCompilation(params string[] sources)
-    {
-        var parseOptions = new CSharpParseOptions(LanguageVersion.CSharp12);
-        var trees = sources.Select((text, i) => CSharpSyntaxTree.ParseText(text, parseOptions, path: "Test" + i + ".cs"));
-
-        var references = new[]
-            {
-                typeof(object),
-                typeof(Attribute),
-                typeof(Enumerable),
-                typeof(System.Runtime.GCSettings),
-            }
-            .Select(static t => MetadataReference.CreateFromFile(t.Assembly.Location))
-            .DistinctBy(static r => r.Display)
-            .ToList();
-
-        return CSharpCompilation.Create(
-            assemblyName: "DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests.Compilation",
-            syntaxTrees: trees,
-            references: references,
-            options: new CSharpCompilationOptions(OutputKind.DynamicallyLinkedLibrary));
-    }
-}

DeviceDependentGenerator/DeviceDependentGenerator.cs

@@ -1,678 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Collections.Immutable;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Diagnostics;
-using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Text;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Generators;
-
-[Generator(LanguageNames.CSharp)]
-public sealed class DeviceDependentGenerator : IIncrementalGenerator
-{
-    private const string DeviceDependentTemplateAttributeMetadataName = "PerfectNumbers.Core.DeviceDependentTemplateAttribute";
-    private const string EnumDependentTemplateAttributeMetadataName = "PerfectNumbers.Core.EnumDependentTemplateAttribute";
-    private const string NameSuffixAttributeMetadataName = "PerfectNumbers.Core.NameSuffixAttribute";
-
-    private static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor TemplateEnumTypeMustBeEnum = new(
-        id: "DDG001",
-        title: "Template attribute requires an enum type",
-        messageFormat: "Template attribute '{0}' requires an enum type, but '{1}' is not an enum.",
-        category: "DeviceDependentGenerator",
-        defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
-        isEnabledByDefault: true);
-
-    private static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor TemplateMustBeTopLevel = new(
-        id: "DDG002",
-        title: "DeviceDependentTemplate must be top-level",
-        messageFormat: "DeviceDependentTemplate can only be used on a top-level class/struct (not nested types).",
-        category: "DeviceDependentGenerator",
-        defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
-        isEnabledByDefault: true);
-
-    private static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor TemplateNotFoundInDeviceParse = new(
-        id: "DDG003",
-        title: "Template not found after preprocessing",
-        messageFormat: "Could not find template type '{0}' after preprocessing for combination '{1}'.",
-        category: "DeviceDependentGenerator",
-        defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
-        isEnabledByDefault: true);
-
-    private static readonly DiagnosticDescriptor DuplicateSingleUseAttribute = new(
-        id: "DDG004",
-        title: "Template attribute used multiple times",
-        messageFormat: "Attribute '{0}' can be applied only once to '{1}'.",
-        category: "DeviceDependentGenerator",
-        defaultSeverity: DiagnosticSeverity.Error,
-        isEnabledByDefault: true);
-
-    public void Initialize(IncrementalGeneratorInitializationContext context)
-    {
-        IncrementalValuesProvider<TemplateInfo> templates = context.SyntaxProvider.CreateSyntaxProvider(
-            predicate: static (node, _) => node is TypeDeclarationSyntax typeDecl && typeDecl.AttributeLists.Count > 0,
-            transform: static (syntaxContext, cancellationToken) => TryGetTemplateInfo(syntaxContext, cancellationToken))
-            .Where(static info => info is not null)!
-            .Select(static (info, _) => info!);
-
-        IncrementalValueProvider<GeneratorOptions> options = context.AnalyzerConfigOptionsProvider.Select(
-            static (provider, _) => new GeneratorOptions(provider.GlobalOptions));
-
-        IncrementalValueProvider<(Compilation Compilation, GeneratorOptions Options)> compilationAndOptions =
-            context.CompilationProvider.Combine(options).Select(static (pair, _) => (pair.Left, pair.Right));
-
-        context.RegisterSourceOutput(templates.Combine(compilationAndOptions), static (productionContext, pair) =>
-        {
-            GenerateForTemplate(productionContext, pair.Left, pair.Right.Compilation, pair.Right.Options);
-        });
-    }
-
-    private static TemplateInfo? TryGetTemplateInfo(GeneratorSyntaxContext context, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
-
-        if (context.Node is not TypeDeclarationSyntax typeSyntax)
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        if (context.SemanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(typeSyntax, cancellationToken) is not INamedTypeSymbol templateSymbol)
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        return CollectTemplateInfo(templateSymbol, typeSyntax, cancellationToken);
-    }
-
-    private static void GenerateForTemplate(SourceProductionContext context, TemplateInfo template, Compilation compilation, GeneratorOptions options)
-    {
-        foreach (Diagnostic diagnostic in template.Diagnostics)
-        {
-            context.ReportDiagnostic(diagnostic);
-        }
-
-        if (!template.Valid || !template.HasAnyTemplateAttribute)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (template.DeclaringSyntaxReference?.GetSyntax(context.CancellationToken) is not TypeDeclarationSyntax templateSyntax)
-        {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (!IsTopLevel(templateSyntax))
-        {
-            context.ReportDiagnostic(Diagnostic.Create(TemplateMustBeTopLevel, templateSyntax.Identifier.GetLocation()));
-            return;
-        }
-
-        string templateName = template.Name;
-        string baseName = templateName.EndsWith("Template", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            ? templateName.Substring(0, templateName.Length - "Template".Length)
-            : templateName;
-
-        SourceText fileText = templateSyntax.SyntaxTree.GetText(context.CancellationToken);
-        CSharpParseOptions baseParseOptions = (CSharpParseOptions)templateSyntax.SyntaxTree.Options;
-        string filePath = templateSyntax.SyntaxTree.FilePath;
-
-        foreach (TemplateVariant variant in template.ExpandVariants())
-        {
-            CSharpParseOptions parseOptions = WithDefines(baseParseOptions, variant.PreprocessorSymbols);
-
-            SyntaxTree deviceTree = CSharpSyntaxTree.ParseText(
-                fileText.ToString(),
-                parseOptions,
-                filePath,
-                encoding: Encoding.UTF8);
-
-            CompilationUnitSyntax deviceRoot = deviceTree.GetCompilationUnitRoot(context.CancellationToken);
-            TypeDeclarationSyntax? deviceTemplateSyntax = FindTemplateDeclaration(deviceRoot, templateName);
-            if (deviceTemplateSyntax is null)
-            {
-                context.ReportDiagnostic(Diagnostic.Create(
-                    TemplateNotFoundInDeviceParse,
-                    templateSyntax.Identifier.GetLocation(),
-                    templateName,
-                    variant.CombinationDisplay));
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            ReportDeviceSpecificTemplateErrors(context, deviceTree);
-
-            string generatedTypeName = baseName + variant.NameSuffix + template.NameSuffix;
-            TypeDeclarationSyntax generatedTypeSyntax = TransformTemplateType(deviceTemplateSyntax, generatedTypeName);
-
-            CompilationUnitSyntax generatedRoot = BuildGeneratedFile(
-                externs: deviceRoot.Externs,
-                usings: deviceRoot.Usings,
-                containingNamespace: template.ContainingNamespace,
-                typeDeclaration: generatedTypeSyntax);
-
-            generatedRoot = (CompilationUnitSyntax)new ConditionalDirectiveAndDisabledTextStripper().Visit(generatedRoot)!;
-            generatedRoot = generatedRoot.NormalizeWhitespace();
-
-            string generatedFileName = baseName + "." + variant.FileSuffix + template.NameSuffix + ".generated.cs";
-            string hintName = options.BuildHintName(template.ContainingNamespace, generatedFileName);
-            context.AddSource(
-                hintName,
-                SourceText.From("// <auto-generated/>\n#nullable enable\n" + generatedRoot.ToFullString(), Encoding.UTF8));
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void ReportDeviceSpecificTemplateErrors(SourceProductionContext context, SyntaxTree deviceTree)
-    {
-        foreach (Diagnostic diagnostic in deviceTree.GetDiagnostics(context.CancellationToken))
-        {
-            if (diagnostic.Severity == DiagnosticSeverity.Error)
-            {
-                context.ReportDiagnostic(diagnostic);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsTopLevel(TypeDeclarationSyntax typeDeclaration)
-        => typeDeclaration.Parent is NamespaceDeclarationSyntax
-            || typeDeclaration.Parent is FileScopedNamespaceDeclarationSyntax
-            || typeDeclaration.Parent is CompilationUnitSyntax;
-
-    private static CSharpParseOptions WithDefines(CSharpParseOptions baseParseOptions, IEnumerable<string> defines)
-        => baseParseOptions.WithPreprocessorSymbols(baseParseOptions.PreprocessorSymbolNames.Concat(defines).Distinct());
-
-    private static TypeDeclarationSyntax? FindTemplateDeclaration(CompilationUnitSyntax root, string templateName)
-    {
-        foreach (TypeDeclarationSyntax typeDecl in root.DescendantNodes().OfType<TypeDeclarationSyntax>())
-        {
-            if (string.Equals(typeDecl.Identifier.ValueText, templateName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                return typeDecl;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    private static TypeDeclarationSyntax TransformTemplateType(TypeDeclarationSyntax templateType, string generatedTypeName)
-    {
-        TypeDeclarationSyntax withoutAttribute = RemoveTemplateAttributes(templateType);
-        TypeDeclarationSyntax renamed = (TypeDeclarationSyntax)new SelfIdentifierRewriter(templateType.Identifier.ValueText, generatedTypeName).Visit(withoutAttribute)!;
-        return renamed.WithIdentifier(SyntaxFactory.Identifier(generatedTypeName));
-    }
-
-    private static TypeDeclarationSyntax RemoveTemplateAttributes(TypeDeclarationSyntax typeDeclaration)
-    {
-        if (typeDeclaration.AttributeLists.Count == 0)
-        {
-            return typeDeclaration;
-        }
-
-        var newLists = new List<AttributeListSyntax>(typeDeclaration.AttributeLists.Count);
-        foreach (AttributeListSyntax list in typeDeclaration.AttributeLists)
-        {
-            SeparatedSyntaxList<AttributeSyntax> attributes = list.Attributes;
-            var newAttributes = new List<AttributeSyntax>(attributes.Count);
-            foreach (AttributeSyntax attribute in attributes)
-            {
-                if (IsTemplateAttribute(attribute.Name))
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                newAttributes.Add(attribute);
-            }
-
-            if (newAttributes.Count == 0)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            newLists.Add(list.WithAttributes(SyntaxFactory.SeparatedList(newAttributes)));
-        }
-
-        return typeDeclaration.WithAttributeLists(SyntaxFactory.List(newLists));
-    }
-
-    private sealed class SelfIdentifierRewriter : CSharpSyntaxRewriter
-    {
-        private readonly string templateName;
-        private readonly string generatedName;
-
-        public SelfIdentifierRewriter(string templateName, string generatedName)
-        {
-            this.templateName = templateName;
-            this.generatedName = generatedName;
-        }
-
-        public override SyntaxToken VisitToken(SyntaxToken token)
-        {
-            if (token.IsKind(SyntaxKind.IdentifierToken) && string.Equals(token.ValueText, templateName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                return SyntaxFactory.Identifier(token.LeadingTrivia, generatedName, token.TrailingTrivia);
-            }
-
-            return base.VisitToken(token);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsTemplateAttribute(NameSyntax attributeName)
-    {
-        string text = attributeName.ToString();
-        return text.EndsWith("DeviceDependentTemplate", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || text.EndsWith("DeviceDependentTemplateAttribute", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || text.EndsWith("EnumDependentTemplate", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || text.EndsWith("EnumDependentTemplateAttribute", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || text.EndsWith("NameSuffix", StringComparison.Ordinal)
-            || text.EndsWith("NameSuffixAttribute", StringComparison.Ordinal);
-    }
-
-    private static CompilationUnitSyntax BuildGeneratedFile(
-        SyntaxList<ExternAliasDirectiveSyntax> externs,
-        SyntaxList<UsingDirectiveSyntax> usings,
-        string containingNamespace,
-        TypeDeclarationSyntax typeDeclaration)
-    {
-        MemberDeclarationSyntax member;
-        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(containingNamespace))
-        {
-            member = typeDeclaration;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            member = SyntaxFactory
-                .FileScopedNamespaceDeclaration(SyntaxFactory.ParseName(containingNamespace))
-                .WithMembers(SyntaxFactory.SingletonList<MemberDeclarationSyntax>(typeDeclaration));
-        }
-
-        return SyntaxFactory
-            .CompilationUnit()
-            .WithExterns(externs)
-            .WithUsings(usings)
-            .WithMembers(SyntaxFactory.SingletonList(member));
-    }
-
-    private sealed class TemplateInfo
-    {
-        private TemplateInfo(
-            INamedTypeSymbol templateType,
-            ImmutableArray<EnumTemplateInfo> enumAttributes,
-            DeviceTemplateInfo? deviceAttribute,
-            string nameSuffix,
-            ImmutableArray<Diagnostic> diagnostics)
-        {
-            TemplateType = templateType;
-            EnumAttributes = enumAttributes;
-            DeviceAttribute = deviceAttribute;
-            NameSuffix = nameSuffix;
-            Diagnostics = diagnostics;
-        }
-
-        public INamedTypeSymbol TemplateType { get; }
-        public ImmutableArray<EnumTemplateInfo> EnumAttributes { get; }
-        public DeviceTemplateInfo? DeviceAttribute { get; }
-        public string NameSuffix { get; }
-        public ImmutableArray<Diagnostic> Diagnostics { get; }
-
-        public bool Valid => Diagnostics.IsDefaultOrEmpty;
-        public bool HasAnyTemplateAttribute => EnumAttributes.Length > 0 || DeviceAttribute is not null;
-
-        public string Name => TemplateType.Name;
-
-        public string ContainingNamespace => TemplateType.ContainingNamespace?.IsGlobalNamespace == true
-            ? string.Empty
-            : TemplateType.ContainingNamespace.ToDisplayString();
-
-        public SyntaxReference? DeclaringSyntaxReference => TemplateType.DeclaringSyntaxReferences.FirstOrDefault();
-
-        public IEnumerable<TemplateVariant> ExpandVariants()
-        {
-            var combinations = ImmutableArray.Create(new TemplateVariantBuilder());
-
-            foreach (EnumTemplateInfo enumInfo in EnumAttributes)
-            {
-                combinations = ExpandEnum(combinations, enumInfo);
-            }
-
-            bool hasEnumAttributes = EnumAttributes.Length > 0;
-
-            if (DeviceAttribute is not null)
-            {
-                combinations = ExpandDevice(combinations, DeviceAttribute.Value, hasEnumAttributes);
-            }
-
-            foreach (TemplateVariantBuilder builder in combinations)
-            {
-                yield return new TemplateVariant(builder.Symbols, builder.NameSuffix);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private static ImmutableArray<TemplateVariantBuilder> ExpandEnum(
-            ImmutableArray<TemplateVariantBuilder> current,
-            EnumTemplateInfo enumInfo)
-        {
-            var builder = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<TemplateVariantBuilder>(current.Length * enumInfo.Values.Length);
-            foreach (TemplateVariantBuilder existing in current)
-            {
-                foreach (string value in enumInfo.Values)
-                {
-                    builder.Add(existing.Append(
-                        symbol: $"{enumInfo.EnumType.Name}_{value}",
-                        namePart: $"For{value}{enumInfo.EnumType.Name}"));
-                }
-            }
-
-            return builder.ToImmutable();
-        }
-
-        private static ImmutableArray<TemplateVariantBuilder> ExpandDevice(
-            ImmutableArray<TemplateVariantBuilder> current,
-            DeviceTemplateInfo deviceInfo,
-            bool prefixWithFor)
-        {
-            var builder = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<TemplateVariantBuilder>(current.Length * deviceInfo.Values.Length);
-            foreach (TemplateVariantBuilder existing in current)
-            {
-                foreach (string value in deviceInfo.Values)
-                {
-                    string namePart = prefixWithFor ? $"For{value}" : value;
-                    builder.Add(existing.Append(
-                        symbol: "DEVICE_" + value.ToUpperInvariant(),
-                        namePart: namePart));
-                }
-            }
-
-            return builder.ToImmutable();
-        }
-
-        public static TemplateInfo Create(
-            INamedTypeSymbol templateType,
-            ImmutableArray<EnumTemplateInfo> enumAttributes,
-            DeviceTemplateInfo? deviceAttribute,
-            string? nameSuffix,
-            ImmutableArray<Diagnostic> diagnostics)
-            => new(
-                templateType,
-                enumAttributes,
-                deviceAttribute,
-                nameSuffix ?? string.Empty,
-                diagnostics);
-    }
-
-    private readonly struct EnumTemplateInfo
-    {
-        public EnumTemplateInfo(INamedTypeSymbol enumType, ImmutableArray<string> values, Location attributeLocation)
-        {
-            EnumType = enumType;
-            Values = values;
-            AttributeLocation = attributeLocation;
-        }
-
-        public INamedTypeSymbol EnumType { get; }
-        public ImmutableArray<string> Values { get; }
-        public Location AttributeLocation { get; }
-    }
-
-    private readonly struct DeviceTemplateInfo
-    {
-        public DeviceTemplateInfo(INamedTypeSymbol enumType, ImmutableArray<string> values, Location attributeLocation)
-        {
-            EnumType = enumType;
-            Values = values;
-            AttributeLocation = attributeLocation;
-        }
-
-        public INamedTypeSymbol EnumType { get; }
-        public ImmutableArray<string> Values { get; }
-        public Location AttributeLocation { get; }
-    }
-
-    private readonly struct TemplateVariant
-    {
-        public TemplateVariant(ImmutableArray<string> preprocessorSymbols, string nameSuffix)
-        {
-            PreprocessorSymbols = preprocessorSymbols;
-            NameSuffix = nameSuffix;
-        }
-
-        public ImmutableArray<string> PreprocessorSymbols { get; }
-        public string NameSuffix { get; }
-        public string FileSuffix => NameSuffix;
-        public string CombinationDisplay => string.Join(", ", PreprocessorSymbols);
-    }
-
-    private sealed class TemplateVariantBuilder
-    {
-        public TemplateVariantBuilder()
-        {
-            Symbols = ImmutableArray<string>.Empty;
-            NameSuffix = string.Empty;
-        }
-
-        private TemplateVariantBuilder(ImmutableArray<string> symbols, string nameSuffix)
-        {
-            Symbols = symbols;
-            NameSuffix = nameSuffix;
-        }
-
-        public ImmutableArray<string> Symbols { get; }
-        public string NameSuffix { get; }
-
-        public TemplateVariantBuilder Append(string symbol, string namePart)
-        {
-            return new TemplateVariantBuilder(Symbols.Add(symbol), NameSuffix + namePart);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static TemplateInfo? CollectTemplateInfo(INamedTypeSymbol templateSymbol, TypeDeclarationSyntax typeSyntax, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
-    {
-        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
-
-        ImmutableArray<AttributeData> attributes = templateSymbol.GetAttributes();
-        var enumAttributes = new List<EnumTemplateInfo>();
-        DeviceTemplateInfo? deviceAttribute = null;
-        string? nameSuffix = null;
-        var diagnostics = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<Diagnostic>();
-
-        AttributeData? nameSuffixAttribute = null;
-        AttributeData? deviceTemplateAttribute = null;
-        foreach (AttributeData attribute in attributes)
-        {
-            string? metadataName = attribute.AttributeClass?.ToDisplayString();
-            if (metadataName is null)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (string.Equals(metadataName, EnumDependentTemplateAttributeMetadataName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                enumAttributes.AddRange(CreateEnumTemplateInfo(attribute, TemplateEnumTypeMustBeEnum, diagnostics));
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(metadataName, DeviceDependentTemplateAttributeMetadataName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                if (deviceTemplateAttribute is not null)
-                {
-                    diagnostics.Add(Diagnostic.Create(
-                        DuplicateSingleUseAttribute,
-                        attribute.ApplicationSyntaxReference?.GetSyntax(cancellationToken)?.GetLocation() ?? typeSyntax.GetLocation(),
-                        DeviceDependentTemplateAttributeMetadataName,
-                        templateSymbol.Name));
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                deviceTemplateAttribute = attribute;
-            }
-            else if (string.Equals(metadataName, NameSuffixAttributeMetadataName, StringComparison.Ordinal))
-            {
-                if (nameSuffixAttribute is not null)
-                {
-                    diagnostics.Add(Diagnostic.Create(
-                        DuplicateSingleUseAttribute,
-                        attribute.ApplicationSyntaxReference?.GetSyntax(cancellationToken)?.GetLocation() ?? typeSyntax.GetLocation(),
-                        NameSuffixAttributeMetadataName,
-                        templateSymbol.Name));
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                nameSuffixAttribute = attribute;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (deviceTemplateAttribute is not null)
-        {
-            var deviceInfo = CreateEnumTemplateInfo(deviceTemplateAttribute, TemplateEnumTypeMustBeEnum, diagnostics).FirstOrDefault();
-            if (deviceInfo.EnumType is not null)
-            {
-                deviceAttribute = new DeviceTemplateInfo(deviceInfo.EnumType, deviceInfo.Values, deviceInfo.AttributeLocation);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (nameSuffixAttribute is not null)
-        {
-            nameSuffix = ExtractSuffix(nameSuffixAttribute);
-        }
-
-        if (!enumAttributes.Any() && deviceAttribute is null && nameSuffixAttribute is null)
-        {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        ImmutableArray<EnumTemplateInfo> orderedEnums = enumAttributes
-            .OrderBy(static e => e.AttributeLocation.SourceSpan.Start)
-            .ToImmutableArray();
-
-        return TemplateInfo.Create(
-            templateSymbol,
-            orderedEnums,
-            deviceAttribute,
-            nameSuffix,
-            diagnostics.ToImmutable());
-    }
-
-    private static IEnumerable<EnumTemplateInfo> CreateEnumTemplateInfo(
-        AttributeData attribute,
-        DiagnosticDescriptor diagnosticDescriptor,
-        ImmutableArray<Diagnostic>.Builder diagnostics)
-    {
-        if (attribute.ConstructorArguments.Length < 1)
-        {
-            return Array.Empty<EnumTemplateInfo>();
-        }
-
-        if (attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].Value is not INamedTypeSymbol enumTypeSymbol)
-        {
-            return Array.Empty<EnumTemplateInfo>();
-        }
-
-        if (enumTypeSymbol.TypeKind != TypeKind.Enum)
-        {
-            Location location = attribute.ApplicationSyntaxReference?.GetSyntax().GetLocation() ?? Location.None;
-            diagnostics.Add(Diagnostic.Create(diagnosticDescriptor, location, attribute.AttributeClass?.Name ?? "TemplateAttribute", enumTypeSymbol.ToDisplayString()));
-            return Array.Empty<EnumTemplateInfo>();
-        }
-
-        ImmutableArray<string> enumValues = enumTypeSymbol
-            .GetMembers()
-            .OfType<IFieldSymbol>()
-            .Where(static f => !f.IsImplicitlyDeclared && f.HasConstantValue)
-            .Select(static f => f.Name)
-            .ToImmutableArray();
-
-        Location attributeLocation = attribute.ApplicationSyntaxReference?.GetSyntax().GetLocation() ?? Location.None;
-        return new[] { new EnumTemplateInfo(enumTypeSymbol, enumValues, attributeLocation) };
-    }
-
-    private static string? ExtractSuffix(AttributeData attributeData)
-    {
-        if (attributeData.ConstructorArguments.Length > 0)
-        {
-            return attributeData.ConstructorArguments[0].Value as string;
-        }
-
-        foreach (KeyValuePair<string, TypedConstant> argument in attributeData.NamedArguments)
-        {
-            if (string.Equals(argument.Key, "suffix", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                return argument.Value.Value as string;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    private readonly struct GeneratorOptions
-    {
-        private const string GeneratedDirectoryName = "generated";
-        private const string GeneratedRootOptionName = "build_property.DeviceDependentGenerator_OutputRoot";
-
-        private readonly AnalyzerConfigOptions globalOptions;
-
-        public GeneratorOptions(AnalyzerConfigOptions globalOptions)
-        {
-            this.globalOptions = globalOptions;
-        }
-
-        public string BuildHintName(string containingNamespace, string generatedFileName)
-        {
-            string root = GetGeneratedRoot();
-            string trimmedRoot = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(root)
-                ? GeneratedDirectoryName
-                : root.Replace('\\', '/').Trim('/').Trim();
-            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(trimmedRoot))
-            {
-                trimmedRoot = GeneratedDirectoryName;
-            }
-
-            string namespacePath = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(containingNamespace)
-                ? string.Empty
-                : containingNamespace.Replace('.', '/').Trim('/');
-
-            if (namespacePath.Length == 0)
-            {
-                return trimmedRoot + "/" + generatedFileName;
-            }
-
-            return trimmedRoot + "/" + namespacePath + "/" + generatedFileName;
-        }
-
-        private string GetGeneratedRoot()
-        {
-            if (globalOptions.TryGetValue(GeneratedRootOptionName, out string? configuredRoot)
-                && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(configuredRoot))
-            {
-                return configuredRoot;
-            }
-
-            return GeneratedDirectoryName;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private sealed class ConditionalDirectiveAndDisabledTextStripper : CSharpSyntaxRewriter
-    {
-        public override SyntaxToken VisitToken(SyntaxToken token)
-            => token.WithLeadingTrivia(Filter(token.LeadingTrivia)).WithTrailingTrivia(Filter(token.TrailingTrivia));
-
-        private static SyntaxTriviaList Filter(SyntaxTriviaList list)
-        {
-            var builder = ImmutableArray.CreateBuilder<SyntaxTrivia>(list.Count);
-            foreach (SyntaxTrivia trivia in list)
-            {
-                SyntaxKind kind = trivia.Kind();
-                if (kind is SyntaxKind.DisabledTextTrivia
-                    or SyntaxKind.IfDirectiveTrivia
-                    or SyntaxKind.ElifDirectiveTrivia
-                    or SyntaxKind.ElseDirectiveTrivia
-                    or SyntaxKind.EndIfDirectiveTrivia)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                builder.Add(trivia);
-            }
-
-            return SyntaxFactory.TriviaList(builder.ToImmutable());
-        }
-    }
-}

DeviceDependentGenerator/DeviceDependentGenerator.csproj

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-
-  <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
-    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
-    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
-    <ImplicitUsings>disable</ImplicitUsings>
-    <IsRoslynAnalyzer>true</IsRoslynAnalyzer>
-    <EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>true</EnforceExtendedAnalyzerRules>
-  </PropertyGroup>
-
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.11.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.14.0" PrivateAssets="all" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
-</Project>

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/AtomicBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
-using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
-using ILGPU;
-using Open.Numeric.Primes;
-
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
-
-[ShortRunJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net80)]
-[MemoryDiagnoser]
-public class AtomicBenchmarks
-{
-    private ulong[] _candidates = [];
-	private int[] _candidatesInt = [];
-
-    [ParamsSource(nameof(GetBenchmarkCases))]
-    public PrimeBenchmarkCase BenchmarkCase { get; set; }
-
-    [GlobalSetup]
-    public void GlobalSetup()
-    {
-        _candidates = BenchmarkCase.Candidates;
-		_candidatesInt = [.. _candidates.Select(x => (int)x)];
-    }
-
-    [Benchmark]
-    public int AtomicAddInt()
-	{
-        int[] values = _candidatesInt;
-        int primeCount;
-		int oldValue = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			primeCount = values[i];
-			oldValue ^= Atomic.Add(ref primeCount, 1);
-        }
-
-        return oldValue;
-	}
-
-    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-    public int InterlockedIncInt()
-    {
-        int[] values = _candidatesInt;
-        int primeCount;
-		int oldValue = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			primeCount = values[i];
-			oldValue ^= Interlocked.Increment(ref primeCount);
-        }
-
-        return oldValue;
-    }
-
-    [Benchmark]
-    public ulong AtomicAddUlong()
-	{
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        ulong primeCount;
-		ulong oldValue = 0UL;
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			primeCount = values[i];
-			oldValue ^= Atomic.Add(ref primeCount, 1);
-        }
-
-        return oldValue;
-	}
-
-    [Benchmark]
-    public ulong InterlockedIncUlong()
-    {
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        ulong primeCount;
-		ulong oldValue = 0UL;
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			primeCount = values[i];
-			oldValue ^= Interlocked.Increment(ref primeCount);
-        }
-
-        return oldValue;
-    }
-
-    public static IEnumerable<PrimeBenchmarkCase> GetBenchmarkCases()
-    {
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≤100",
-            "Admissible odd values ≤ 100 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            100UL,
-            int.MaxValue);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≤4_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥16_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 16,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            16_000_001UL,
-            16_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥32_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 32,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            32_000_001UL,
-            32_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥64_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 64,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            64_000_001UL,
-            64_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥100_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 100,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            100_000_001UL,
-            100_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥138_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 138,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            138_000_001UL,
-            138_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥276_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 276,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            276_000_001UL,
-            276_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥552_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 552,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            552_000_001UL,
-            552_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-    }
-
-    public readonly record struct PrimeBenchmarkCase(string Name, string Description, ulong[] Candidates)
-    {
-        public override string ToString()
-        {
-            return Name;
-        }
-
-        public static PrimeBenchmarkCase FromRange(
-            string name,
-            string description,
-            ulong startInclusive,
-            ulong endInclusive,
-            int maxCount)
-        {
-            ulong[] values = CollectRange(startInclusive, endInclusive, maxCount);
-            return new PrimeBenchmarkCase(name, description, values);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static ulong[] CollectRange(ulong startInclusive, ulong endInclusive, int maxCount)
-    {
-        maxCount = maxCount < 0 ? 0 : maxCount;
-        if (maxCount == 0)
-        {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        int estimatedLength = (int)Math.Min((ulong)maxCount, endInclusive - startInclusive + 1UL);
-        ulong[] buffer = new ulong[estimatedLength];
-        int count = 0;
-
-        for (ulong value = startInclusive; value <= endInclusive && count < maxCount; value++)
-        {
-            if (!IsAdmissibleMersenneDivisorCandidate(value))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (count == buffer.Length)
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref buffer, buffer.Length * 2);
-            }
-
-            buffer[count++] = value;
-        }
-
-        if (count == buffer.Length)
-        {
-            return buffer;
-        }
-
-        ulong[] result = new ulong[count];
-        Array.Copy(buffer, result, count);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsAdmissibleMersenneDivisorCandidate(ulong value)
-    {
-        if ((value & 1UL) == 0UL || value % 5UL == 0UL || value <= 1UL)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        ulong qMinusOne = value - 1UL;
-
-        for (ulong k = 1; k <= 5; k++)
-        {
-            ulong denominator = k << 1;
-            if (qMinusOne % denominator != 0UL)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            ulong p = qMinusOne / denominator;
-            if (p < 2UL)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (Prime.Numbers.IsPrime(p))
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/BTreeBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
-using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
-using ILGPU;
-using Open.Numeric.Primes;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
-
-[ShortRunJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net80)]
-[MemoryDiagnoser]
-public class BTreeBenchmarks
-{
-    private ulong[] _candidates = [];
-	private int[] _candidatesInt = [];
-
-    [ParamsSource(nameof(GetBenchmarkCases))]
-    public PrimeBenchmarkCase BenchmarkCase { get; set; }
-
-    [GlobalSetup]
-    public void GlobalSetup()
-    {
-        _candidates = BenchmarkCase.Candidates;
-		_candidatesInt = [.. _candidates.Select(x => (int)x)];
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds all candidate ints into the keyed B-tree (key = value), using tiny/inline and mid-size fast paths; count comes from the benchmark case or defaults to 4,096 when unspecified.
-    /// </summary>
-    [Benchmark]
-    public BTree<int, int> BTreeAddInt()
-	{
-        int[] values = _candidatesInt;
-        int prime;
-		BTree<int, int> result = new();
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			prime = values[i];
-			result.Add(prime, prime);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-	}
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds all candidate ints into a dictionary keyed by their hash code (baseline); count comes from the benchmark case or defaults to 4,096 when unspecified.
-    /// </summary>
-    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-    public Dictionary<int, int> DictionaryAddInt()
-    {
-        int[] values = _candidatesInt;
-        int prime;
-		Dictionary<int, int> result = [];
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			prime = values[i];
-			result.Add(prime.GetHashCode(), prime);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds all candidate ulongs into the keyed B-tree (key = value), using tiny/inline and mid-size fast paths; count comes from the benchmark case or defaults to 4,096 when unspecified.
-    /// </summary>
-    [Benchmark]
-    public BTree<ulong, ulong> BTreeAddUlong()
-	{
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        ulong prime;
-		BTree<ulong, ulong> result = new();
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			prime = values[i];
-			result.Add(prime, prime);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-	}
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Adds all candidate ulongs into a dictionary keyed by their hash code; count comes from the benchmark case or defaults to 4,096 when unspecified.
-    /// </summary>
-    [Benchmark]
-    public Dictionary<int, ulong> DictionaryAddUlong()
-    {
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        ulong prime;
-		Dictionary<int, ulong> result = [];
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-			prime = values[i];
-			result.Add(prime.GetHashCode(), prime);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    public static IEnumerable<PrimeBenchmarkCase> GetBenchmarkCases()
-    {
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≤100",
-            "Admissible odd values ≤ 100 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            100UL,
-            int.MaxValue);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "4x ≤4_000_000",
-            "4x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            4);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "12x ≤4_000_000",
-            "12x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            12);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "16x ≤4_000_000",
-            "16x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            16);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "32x ≤4_000_000",
-            "16x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            32);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "64x ≤4_000_000",
-            "16x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            64);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "128x ≤4_000_000",
-            "128x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            128);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "256x ≤4_000_000",
-            "256x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            256);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "512x ≤4_000_000",
-            "512x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            512);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "1024x ≤4_000_000",
-            "1024x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            1024);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "2048x ≤4_000_000",
-            "2048x sample admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            2048);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≤4_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≤ 4,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            3UL,
-            4_000_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥16_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 16,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            16_000_001UL,
-            16_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥32_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 32,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            32_000_001UL,
-            32_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥64_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 64,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            64_000_001UL,
-            64_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥100_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 100,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            100_000_001UL,
-            100_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥138_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 138,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            138_000_001UL,
-            138_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥276_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 276,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            276_000_001UL,
-            276_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥552_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 552,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            552_000_001UL,
-            552_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-    }
-
-    public readonly record struct PrimeBenchmarkCase(string Name, string Description, ulong[] Candidates)
-    {
-        public override string ToString()
-        {
-            return Name;
-        }
-
-        public static PrimeBenchmarkCase FromRange(
-            string name,
-            string description,
-            ulong startInclusive,
-            ulong endInclusive,
-            int maxCount)
-        {
-            ulong[] values = CollectRange(startInclusive, endInclusive, maxCount);
-            return new PrimeBenchmarkCase(name, description, values);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static ulong[] CollectRange(ulong startInclusive, ulong endInclusive, int maxCount)
-    {
-        maxCount = maxCount < 0 ? 0 : maxCount;
-        if (maxCount == 0)
-        {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        int estimatedLength = (int)Math.Min((ulong)maxCount, endInclusive - startInclusive + 1UL);
-        ulong[] buffer = new ulong[estimatedLength];
-        int count = 0;
-
-        for (ulong value = startInclusive; value <= endInclusive && count < maxCount; value++)
-        {
-            if (!IsAdmissibleMersenneDivisorCandidate(value))
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (count == buffer.Length)
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref buffer, buffer.Length * 2);
-            }
-
-            buffer[count++] = value;
-        }
-
-        if (count == buffer.Length)
-        {
-            return buffer;
-        }
-
-        ulong[] result = new ulong[count];
-        Array.Copy(buffer, result, count);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private static bool IsAdmissibleMersenneDivisorCandidate(ulong value)
-    {
-        if ((value & 1UL) == 0UL || value % 5UL == 0UL || value <= 1UL)
-        {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        ulong qMinusOne = value - 1UL;
-
-        for (ulong k = 1; k <= 5; k++)
-        {
-            ulong denominator = k << 1;
-            if (qMinusOne % denominator != 0UL)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            ulong p = qMinusOne / denominator;
-            if (p < 2UL)
-            {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (Prime.Numbers.IsPrime(p))
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.csproj

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
   </PropertyGroup>

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/GpuModularArithmeticBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/MersenneDivisorCycleLengthGpuBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod10Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod10_8_5_3Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod11Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod128Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod3Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod5Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod6Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod7Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Mod8Benchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/ModBenchmarkCase.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 
 public enum ModNumericType

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/MontgomeryMultiplyBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/MulMod64Benchmarks.Gpu.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 using ILGPU;
 using ILGPU.Runtime;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Pow2MontgomeryModBenchmarks.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 using System.Numerics;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 
@@ -10,46 +9,43 @@ namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 [SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net80, launchCount: 1, warmupCount: 1, iterationCount: 5)]
 public class Pow2MontgomeryModBenchmarks
 {
-	private const int SampleCount = 256;
+    private const int SampleCount = 256;
 
-	private readonly MontgomeryDivisorData[] _smallDivisors = new MontgomeryDivisorData[SampleCount];
-	private readonly MontgomeryDivisorData[] _largeDivisors = new MontgomeryDivisorData[SampleCount];
-	private readonly ulong[] _smallExponents = new ulong[SampleCount];
-	private readonly ulong[] _largeExponents = new ulong[SampleCount];
-	private readonly ulong[] _smallCycles = new ulong[SampleCount];
-	private readonly ulong[] _largeCycles = new ulong[SampleCount];
+    private readonly MontgomeryDivisorData[] _smallDivisors = new MontgomeryDivisorData[SampleCount];
+    private readonly MontgomeryDivisorData[] _largeDivisors = new MontgomeryDivisorData[SampleCount];
+    private readonly ulong[] _smallExponents = new ulong[SampleCount];
+    private readonly ulong[] _largeExponents = new ulong[SampleCount];
+    private readonly ulong[] _smallCycles = new ulong[SampleCount];
+    private readonly ulong[] _largeCycles = new ulong[SampleCount];
 
-	private readonly Random _random = new(13);
+    private readonly Random _random = new(13);
 
-	public enum InputScale
-	{
-		Small,
-		Large
-	}
+    public enum InputScale
+    {
+        Small,
+        Large
+    }
 
-	[ParamsAllValues]
-	public InputScale Scale { get; set; }
+    [ParamsAllValues]
+    public InputScale Scale { get; set; }
 
-	[GlobalSetup]
-	public void Setup()
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			ulong smallModulus = NextSmallOddModulus();
-			_smallDivisors[i] = CreateMontgomeryDivisorData(smallModulus);
-			_smallExponents[i] = NextSmallExponent();
-			_smallCycles[i] = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, smallModulus, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(smallModulus));
+    [GlobalSetup]
+    public void Setup()
+    {
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            ulong smallModulus = NextSmallOddModulus();
+            _smallDivisors[i] = CreateMontgomeryDivisorData(smallModulus);
+            _smallExponents[i] = NextSmallExponent();
+            _smallCycles[i] = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(smallModulus, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(smallModulus));
 
-			Console.WriteLine($"Calculating large cycle {i + 1} with heuristics");
-			(ulong largeModulus, ulong largeCycle) = NextLargeModulusAndCycle();
+				Console.WriteLine($"Calculating large cycle {i + 1} with heuristics");
+            (ulong largeModulus, ulong largeCycle) = NextLargeModulusAndCycle();
 			_largeDivisors[i] = CreateMontgomeryDivisorData(largeModulus);
-			_largeExponents[i] = NextLargeExponent();
-			_largeCycles[i] = largeCycle;
-		}
-
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-	}
+            _largeExponents[i] = NextLargeExponent();
+            _largeCycles[i] = largeCycle;
+        }
+    }
 
 	/// <summary>
 	/// Baseline right-to-left Montgomery ladder; measured 36.36 μs on the small sample set and 117.32 μs on the large one.
@@ -62,466 +58,461 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModBenchmarks
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
 		{
-			checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertToStandardCpu(divisors[i]);
+			checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedCpu(divisors[i], keepMontgomery: false);
 		}
 
 		return checksum;
 	}
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Baseline right-to-left Montgomery ladder; measured ??.?? μs on the small sample set and ??.?? μs on the large one.
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Baseline right-to-left Montgomery ladder; measured ??.?? μs on the small sample set and ??.?? μs on the large one.
 	/// 
 	/// This benchmark failed running, hanging up early before reaching workload testing.
-	/// </summary>
-	// [Benchmark]
-	public ulong BaselineGpu()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// </summary>
+    // [Benchmark]
+    public ulong BaselineGpu()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertGpu(gpu, divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedGpu(divisors[i], keepMontgomery: false);
+        }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Uses a known divisor cycle to fold the exponent first, dropping runtimes to 26.04 μs on small inputs (0.72× baseline) and 9.53 μs on large inputs (0.08× baseline).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong BaselineWithKnownCycleCpu()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out var cycles);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Uses a known divisor cycle to fold the exponent first, dropping runtimes to 26.04 μs on small inputs (0.72× baseline) and 9.53 μs on large inputs (0.08× baseline).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong BaselineWithKnownCycleCpu()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out var cycles);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleConvertToStandardCpu(cycles[i], divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleCpu(cycles[i], divisors[i]);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Uses a known divisor cycle to fold the exponent first, dropping runtimes to 26.04 μs on small inputs (0.72× baseline) and 9.53 μs on large inputs (0.08× baseline).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong BaselineWithKnownCycleGpu()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out var cycles);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Uses a known divisor cycle to fold the exponent first, dropping runtimes to 26.04 μs on small inputs (0.72× baseline) and 9.53 μs on large inputs (0.08× baseline).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong BaselineWithKnownCycleGpu()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out var cycles);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleGpu(gpu, cycles[i], divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= exponents[i].Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleGpu(cycles[i], divisors[i]);
+        }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Left-to-right Montgomery scan that trails the baseline: 39.11 μs on small inputs (1.08×) and 126.38 μs on large ones (1.08×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong LeftToRight()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Left-to-right Montgomery scan that trails the baseline: 39.11 μs on small inputs (1.08×) and 126.38 μs on large ones (1.08×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong LeftToRight()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModLeftToRight(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModLeftToRight(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Processes four exponent bits per loop, finishing at 38.74 μs on small cases (1.07× baseline) and 120.11 μs on large ones (1.02×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong Batched4()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Processes four exponent bits per loop, finishing at 38.74 μs on small cases (1.07× baseline) and 120.11 μs on large ones (1.02×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong Batched4()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModBatched4(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModBatched4(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Windowed Montgomery ladder (width 5) that lags behind the baseline at 52.82 μs on small samples (1.45×) and 124.13 μs on large samples (1.06×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong SlidingWindow()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Windowed Montgomery ladder (width 5) that lags behind the baseline at 52.82 μs on small samples (1.45×) and 124.13 μs on large samples (1.06×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong SlidingWindow()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModSlidingWindow(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2MontgomeryModSlidingWindow(exponents[i], divisors[i]);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Classic binary ladder without Montgomery reduction; runs 24.75 μs on small inputs (0.68× baseline) but collapses to 295.29 μs on large ones (2.52×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong BinaryMod()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Classic binary ladder without Montgomery reduction; runs 24.75 μs on small inputs (0.68× baseline) but collapses to 295.29 μs on large ones (2.52×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong BinaryMod()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2ModBinary(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2ModBinary(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Precomputes all squarings once; 30.18 μs on small inputs (0.83× baseline) but 289.80 μs on large ones (2.47×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong PrecomputedTableMod()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Precomputes all squarings once; 30.18 μs on small inputs (0.83× baseline) but 289.80 μs on large ones (2.47×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong PrecomputedTableMod()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2ModPrecomputedTable(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2ModPrecomputedTable(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Relies on <see cref="BigInteger.ModPow"/>; fastest on small inputs at 17.21 μs (0.47× baseline) but slowest on large ones at 562.78 μs (4.80×).
-	/// </summary>
-	[Benchmark]
-	public ulong BigIntegerMod()
-	{
-		GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
-		ulong checksum = 0UL;
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Relies on <see cref="BigInteger.ModPow"/>; fastest on small inputs at 17.21 μs (0.47× baseline) but slowest on large ones at 562.78 μs (4.80×).
+    /// </summary>
+    [Benchmark]
+    public ulong BigIntegerMod()
+    {
+        GetData(out var exponents, out var divisors, out _);
+        ulong checksum = 0UL;
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
-		{
-			checksum ^= Pow2ModBigInteger(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
-		}
+        for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
+        {
+            checksum ^= Pow2ModBigInteger(exponents[i], divisors[i].Modulus);
+        }
 
-		return checksum;
-	}
+        return checksum;
+    }
 
-	private void GetData(out ulong[] exponents, out MontgomeryDivisorData[] divisors, out ulong[] cycles)
-	{
-		if (Scale == InputScale.Small)
-		{
-			exponents = _smallExponents;
-			divisors = _smallDivisors;
-			cycles = _smallCycles;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			exponents = _largeExponents;
-			divisors = _largeDivisors;
-			cycles = _largeCycles;
-		}
-	}
+    private void GetData(out ulong[] exponents, out MontgomeryDivisorData[] divisors, out ulong[] cycles)
+    {
+        if (Scale == InputScale.Small)
+        {
+            exponents = _smallExponents;
+            divisors = _smallDivisors;
+            cycles = _smallCycles;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            exponents = _largeExponents;
+            divisors = _largeDivisors;
+            cycles = _largeCycles;
+        }
+    }
 
-	private ulong NextSmallExponent() => (ulong)_random.NextInt64(1L, 1_000_000L);
+    private ulong NextSmallExponent() => (ulong)_random.NextInt64(1L, 1_000_000L);
 
-	private ulong NextLargeExponent() => (ulong)_random.NextInt64(1L << 60, long.MaxValue);
+    private ulong NextLargeExponent() => (ulong)_random.NextInt64(1L << 60, long.MaxValue);
 
-	private ulong NextSmallOddModulus()
-	{
-		ulong value = (ulong)_random.NextInt64(3L, 1_000_000L);
-		return value | 1UL;
-	}
+    private ulong NextSmallOddModulus()
+    {
+        ulong value = (ulong)_random.NextInt64(3L, 1_000_000L);
+        return value | 1UL;
+    }
 
-	private (ulong modulus, ulong cycleLength) NextLargeModulusAndCycle()
-	{
-		int bitLength = _random.Next(48, 64);
-		ulong modulus = (1UL << bitLength) - 1UL;
-		return (modulus, (ulong)bitLength);
-	}
+    private (ulong modulus, ulong cycleLength) NextLargeModulusAndCycle()
+    {
+        int bitLength = _random.Next(48, 64);
+        ulong modulus = (1UL << bitLength) - 1UL;
+        return (modulus, (ulong)bitLength);
+    }
 
-	private static MontgomeryDivisorData CreateMontgomeryDivisorData(ulong modulus)
-	{
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return new MontgomeryDivisorData(modulus, 0UL, 0UL, 0UL, 0UL);
-		}
+    private static MontgomeryDivisorData CreateMontgomeryDivisorData(ulong modulus)
+    {
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return new MontgomeryDivisorData(modulus, 0UL, 0UL, 0UL, 0UL);
+        }
 
-		ulong nPrime = ComputeMontgomeryNPrime(modulus);
-		ulong montgomeryOne = ComputeMontgomeryResidue(1UL, modulus);
-		ulong montgomeryTwo = ComputeMontgomeryResidue(2UL, modulus);
-		ulong montgomeryTwoSquared = ULongExtensions.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(montgomeryTwo, montgomeryTwo, modulus, nPrime);
+        ulong nPrime = ComputeMontgomeryNPrime(modulus);
+        ulong montgomeryOne = ComputeMontgomeryResidue(1UL, modulus);
+        ulong montgomeryTwo = ComputeMontgomeryResidue(2UL, modulus);
+        ulong montgomeryTwoSquared = ULongExtensions.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(montgomeryTwo, montgomeryTwo, modulus, nPrime);
 
-		return new MontgomeryDivisorData(
-			modulus,
-			nPrime,
-			montgomeryOne,
-			montgomeryTwo,
-			montgomeryTwoSquared);
-	}
+        return new MontgomeryDivisorData(
+            modulus,
+            nPrime,
+            montgomeryOne,
+            montgomeryTwo,
+            montgomeryTwoSquared);
+    }
 
-	private static ulong ComputeMontgomeryResidue(ulong value, ulong modulus) => (ulong)((UInt128)value * (UInt128.One << 64) % modulus);
+    private static ulong ComputeMontgomeryResidue(ulong value, ulong modulus) => (ulong)((UInt128)value * (UInt128.One << 64) % modulus);
 
-	private static ulong ComputeMontgomeryNPrime(ulong modulus)
-	{
-		ulong inv = modulus;
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
-		return unchecked(0UL - inv);
-	}
+    private static ulong ComputeMontgomeryNPrime(ulong modulus)
+    {
+        ulong inv = modulus;
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        inv *= unchecked(2UL - modulus * inv);
+        return unchecked(0UL - inv);
+    }
 
-	private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModLeftToRight(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
-	{
-		ulong modulus = divisor.Modulus;
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+    private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModLeftToRight(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
+    {
+        ulong modulus = divisor.Modulus;
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
-		ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
-		ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
+        ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
+        ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
+        ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
 
-		if (exponent == 0UL)
-		{
-			return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
-		}
+        if (exponent == 0UL)
+        {
+            return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
+        }
 
-		int msbIndex = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
+        int msbIndex = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
 
-		for (int bitIndex = msbIndex; bitIndex >= 0; bitIndex--)
-		{
-			result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
+        for (int bitIndex = msbIndex; bitIndex >= 0; bitIndex--)
+        {
+            result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
 
-			if (((exponent >> bitIndex) & 1UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseVal, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
-		}
+            if (((exponent >> bitIndex) & 1UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseVal, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
+        }
 
-		return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
-	}
+        return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
+    }
 
-	private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModBatched4(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
-	{
-		ulong modulus = divisor.Modulus;
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+    private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModBatched4(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
+    {
+        ulong modulus = divisor.Modulus;
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
-		ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
-		ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
-		ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
+        ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
+        ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
+        ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
+        ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
 
-		while (remainingExponent != 0UL)
-		{
-			ulong nibble = remainingExponent & 0xFUL;
+        while (remainingExponent != 0UL)
+        {
+            ulong nibble = remainingExponent & 0xFUL;
 
-			ulong base0 = baseVal;
-			ulong base1 = base0.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base0, modulus, nPrime);
-			ulong base2 = base1.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base1, modulus, nPrime);
-			ulong base3 = base2.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base2, modulus, nPrime);
+            ulong base0 = baseVal;
+            ulong base1 = base0.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base0, modulus, nPrime);
+            ulong base2 = base1.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base1, modulus, nPrime);
+            ulong base3 = base2.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base2, modulus, nPrime);
 
-			if ((nibble & 1UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base0, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
+            if ((nibble & 1UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base0, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
 
-			if ((nibble & 2UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base1, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
+            if ((nibble & 2UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base1, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
 
-			if ((nibble & 4UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base2, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
+            if ((nibble & 4UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base2, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
 
-			if ((nibble & 8UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base3, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
+            if ((nibble & 8UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base3, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
 
-			baseVal = base3.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base3, modulus, nPrime);
-			remainingExponent >>= 4;
-		}
+            baseVal = base3.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(base3, modulus, nPrime);
+            remainingExponent >>= 4;
+        }
 
-		return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
-	}
+        return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
+    }
 
 	// TODO: Update it with the latest implementations
-	private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModSlidingWindow(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
-	{
+    private static ulong Pow2MontgomeryModSlidingWindow(ulong exponent, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisor)
+    {
 		ulong modulus = divisor.Modulus;
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
-		ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
-		ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
+        ulong nPrime = divisor.NPrime;
+        ulong result = divisor.MontgomeryOne;
+        ulong baseVal = divisor.MontgomeryTwo;
 
-		if (exponent == 0UL)
-		{
-			return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
-		}
+        if (exponent == 0UL)
+        {
+            return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
+        }
 
-		const int WindowSize = 5;
-		Span<ulong> oddPowers = stackalloc ulong[1 << (WindowSize - 1)];
-		oddPowers[0] = baseVal;
-		ulong baseSquared = baseVal.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseVal, modulus, nPrime);
-		for (int i = 1; i < oddPowers.Length; i++)
-		{
-			oddPowers[i] = oddPowers[i - 1].MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseSquared, modulus, nPrime);
-		}
+        const int WindowSize = 5;
+        Span<ulong> oddPowers = stackalloc ulong[1 << (WindowSize - 1)];
+        oddPowers[0] = baseVal;
+        ulong baseSquared = baseVal.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseVal, modulus, nPrime);
+        for (int i = 1; i < oddPowers.Length; i++)
+        {
+            oddPowers[i] = oddPowers[i - 1].MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(baseSquared, modulus, nPrime);
+        }
 
-		int bitIndex = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
+        int bitIndex = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
 
-		while (bitIndex >= 0)
-		{
-			if (((exponent >> bitIndex) & 1UL) == 0UL)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
-				bitIndex--;
-				continue;
-			}
+        while (bitIndex >= 0)
+        {
+            if (((exponent >> bitIndex) & 1UL) == 0UL)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
+                bitIndex--;
+                continue;
+            }
 
-			int windowStart = Math.Max(bitIndex - WindowSize + 1, 0);
-			ulong windowValue = (exponent >> windowStart) & ((1UL << (bitIndex - windowStart + 1)) - 1UL);
+            int windowStart = Math.Max(bitIndex - WindowSize + 1, 0);
+            ulong windowValue = (exponent >> windowStart) & ((1UL << (bitIndex - windowStart + 1)) - 1UL);
 
-			while ((windowValue & 1UL) == 0UL)
-			{
-				windowValue >>= 1;
-				windowStart++;
-			}
+            while ((windowValue & 1UL) == 0UL)
+            {
+                windowValue >>= 1;
+                windowStart++;
+            }
 
-			int squares = bitIndex - windowStart + 1;
-			for (int i = 0; i < squares; i++)
-			{
-				result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
-			}
+            int squares = bitIndex - windowStart + 1;
+            for (int i = 0; i < squares; i++)
+            {
+                result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(result, modulus, nPrime);
+            }
 
-			result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(oddPowers[(int)(windowValue >> 1)], modulus, nPrime);
-			bitIndex = windowStart - 1;
-		}
+            result = result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(oddPowers[(int)(windowValue >> 1)], modulus, nPrime);
+            bitIndex = windowStart - 1;
+        }
 
-		return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
-	}
+        return result.MontgomeryMultiplyCpu(1UL, modulus, nPrime);
+    }
 
 	// TODO: Update it with the latest implementations, if it exists in production code. Otherwise just remove TODO
-	private static ulong Pow2ModBinary(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+    private static ulong Pow2ModBinary(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		ulong result = 1UL % modulus;
-		ulong baseVal = 2UL % modulus;
-		ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
+        ulong result = 1UL % modulus;
+        ulong baseVal = 2UL % modulus;
+        ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
 
-		while (remainingExponent > 0UL)
-		{
-			if ((remainingExponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = MultiplyMod(result, baseVal, modulus);
-			}
+        while (remainingExponent > 0UL)
+        {
+            if ((remainingExponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = MultiplyMod(result, baseVal, modulus);
+            }
 
-			remainingExponent >>= 1;
-			if (remainingExponent == 0UL)
-			{
-				break;
-			}
+            remainingExponent >>= 1;
+            if (remainingExponent == 0UL)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
 
-			baseVal = MultiplyMod(baseVal, baseVal, modulus);
-		}
+            baseVal = MultiplyMod(baseVal, baseVal, modulus);
+        }
 
-		return result;
-	}
+        return result;
+    }
 
-	private static ulong Pow2ModPrecomputedTable(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+    private static ulong Pow2ModPrecomputedTable(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		if (exponent == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 1UL % modulus;
-		}
+        if (exponent == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 1UL % modulus;
+        }
 
-		Span<ulong> powers = stackalloc ulong[64];
-		powers[0] = 2UL % modulus;
-		int highestBit = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
+        Span<ulong> powers = stackalloc ulong[64];
+        powers[0] = 2UL % modulus;
+        int highestBit = 63 - BitOperations.LeadingZeroCount(exponent);
 
-		for (int index = 1; index <= highestBit; index++)
-		{
-			powers[index] = MultiplyMod(powers[index - 1], powers[index - 1], modulus);
-		}
+        for (int index = 1; index <= highestBit; index++)
+        {
+            powers[index] = MultiplyMod(powers[index - 1], powers[index - 1], modulus);
+        }
 
-		ulong result = 1UL % modulus;
-		ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
-		int bitIndex = 0;
+        ulong result = 1UL % modulus;
+        ulong remainingExponent = exponent;
+        int bitIndex = 0;
 
-		while (remainingExponent > 0UL)
-		{
-			if ((remainingExponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result = MultiplyMod(result, powers[bitIndex], modulus);
-			}
+        while (remainingExponent > 0UL)
+        {
+            if ((remainingExponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result = MultiplyMod(result, powers[bitIndex], modulus);
+            }
 
-			remainingExponent >>= 1;
-			bitIndex++;
-		}
+            remainingExponent >>= 1;
+            bitIndex++;
+        }
 
-		return result;
-	}
+        return result;
+    }
 
-	private static ulong Pow2ModBigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+    private static ulong Pow2ModBigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        if (modulus <= 1UL || (modulus & 1UL) == 0UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-		BigInteger mod = modulus;
-		BigInteger result = BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, mod);
-		return (ulong)result;
-	}
+        BigInteger mod = modulus;
+        BigInteger result = BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, mod);
+        return (ulong)result;
+    }
 
-	private static ulong MultiplyMod(ulong x, ulong y, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 product = (UInt128)x * y;
-		return (ulong)(product % modulus);
-	}
+    private static ulong MultiplyMod(ulong x, ulong y, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        UInt128 product = (UInt128)x * y;
+        return (ulong)(product % modulus);
+    }
 }
 
-

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkData.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+using System;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 
@@ -61,13 +61,12 @@ internal static class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkInputsProvider
         };
 
         var cases = new Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase[seeds.Length];
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         for (int i = 0; i < seeds.Length; i++)
         {
             Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkSeed seed = seeds[i];
             ulong modulus = 2UL * seed.Multiplier * seed.Exponent + 1UL;
             MontgomeryDivisorData divisor = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(modulus);
-            ulong cycleLength = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, modulus, divisor);
+            ulong cycleLength = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(modulus, divisor);
             ulong reducedExponent = seed.Exponent % cycleLength;
             cases[i] = new Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase(
                 seed.Exponent,
@@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ internal static class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkInputsProvider
                 reducedExponent);
         }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
         return new Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkInputs(cases);
     }
 
@@ -94,4 +92,3 @@ internal static class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkInputsProvider
         public ulong Multiplier { get; }
     }
 }
-

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryCpuBenchmarks.cs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryCpuBenchmarks
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.Length; i++)
         {
             ref readonly Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase current = ref cases[i];
-            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertToStandardCpu(current.Divisor);
+            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedCpu(current.Divisor, keepMontgomery: false);
         }
 
         return checksum;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryCpuBenchmarks
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.Length; i++)
         {
             ref readonly Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase current = ref cases[i];
-            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryCpu(current.Divisor);
+            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedCpu(current.Divisor, keepMontgomery: true);
         }
 
         return checksum;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryCpuBenchmarks
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.Length; i++)
         {
             ref readonly Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase current = ref cases[i];
-            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleConvertToStandardCpu(current.CycleLength, current.Divisor);
+            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWithCycleCpu(current.CycleLength, current.Divisor);
         }
 
         return checksum;

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryGpuBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
+using System;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Kernels;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 
@@ -32,14 +31,12 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryGpuBenchmarks
         ulong checksum = 0UL;
         Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase[] cases = _inputs.Cases;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.Length; i++)
         {
             ref readonly Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase current = ref cases[i];
-            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertGpu(gpu, current.Divisor);
+            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedGpu(current.Divisor, keepMontgomery: false);
         }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
         return checksum;
     }
 
@@ -52,14 +49,12 @@ public class Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepMontgomeryGpuBenchmarks
         ulong checksum = 0UL;
         Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase[] cases = _inputs.Cases;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         for (int i = 0; i < cases.Length; i++)
         {
             ref readonly Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedBenchmarkCase current = ref cases[i];
-            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedKeepGpu(gpu, current.Divisor);
+            checksum ^= current.Exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedGpu(current.Divisor, keepMontgomery: true);
         }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
         return checksum;
     }
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/Pow2ProviderBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,415 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks
-{
-	public class Pow2ProviderBigIntegerBenchmarks
-	{
-		[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-		public BigInteger ByShifting()
-		{
-			BigInteger result = BigInteger.Zero;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = BigInteger.One << i;
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark]
-		public BigInteger ByMapping()
-		{
-			BigInteger result = BigInteger.Zero;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = Pow2Provider.BigInteger(i);
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-
-	public class Pow2MinusOneeProviderBigIntegerBenchmarks
-	{
-		[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-		public BigInteger ByShifting()
-		{
-			BigInteger result = BigInteger.Zero;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = (BigInteger.One << i) - BigInteger.One;
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark]
-		public BigInteger ByMapping()
-		{
-			BigInteger result = BigInteger.Zero;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = Pow2Provider.BigIntegerMinusOne(i);
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-
-	public class Pow2ProviderULongBenchmarks
-	{
-		public static class ULongNumbers
-		{
-			public const ulong TwoMinusOne = 2L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourMinusOne = 4L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EightMinusOne = 8L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixteenMinusOne = 16L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtyTwoMinusOne = 32L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixtyFourMinusOne = 64L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 128L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 256L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredTwelveMinusOne = 512L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneThousandTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_024L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoThousandFortyEightMinusOne = 2_048L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourThousandNinetySixMinusOne = 4_096L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EightThousandOneHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 8_192L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixteenThousandThreeHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 16_384L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtyTwoThousandSevenHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 32_768L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixtyFiveThousandFiveHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 65_536L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredThirtyOneThousandSeventyTwoMinusOne = 131_072L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredSixtyTwoThousandOneHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 262_144L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredTwentyFourThousandTwoHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 524_288L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneMillionFortyEightThousandFiveHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_048_576L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoMillionNinetySevenThousandOneHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_097_152L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourMillionOneHundredNinetyFourThousandThreeHundredFourMinusOne = 4_194_304L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EightMillionThreeHundredEightyEightThousandSixHundredEightMinusOne = 8_388_608L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixteenMillionSevenHundredSeventySevenThousandTwoHundredSixteenMinusOne = 16_777_216L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtyThreeMillionFiveHundredFiftyFourThousandFourHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne = 33_554_432L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixtySevenMillionOneHundredEightThousandEightHundredSixtyFourMinusOne = 67_108_864L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredThirtyFourMillionTwoHundredSeventeenThousandSevenHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 134_217_728L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredSixtyEightMillionFourHundredThirtyFiveThousandFourHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 268_435_456L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredThirtySixMillionEightHundredSeventyThousandNineHundredTwelveMinusOne = 536_870_912L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneBillionSeventyThreeMillionSevenHundredFortyOneThousandEightHundredTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_073_741_824L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoBillionOneHundredFortySevenMillionFourHundredEightyThreeThousandSixHundredFortyEightMinusOne = 2_147_483_648L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourBillionTwoHundredNinetyFourMillionNineHundredSixtySevenThousandTwoHundredNinetySixMinusOne = 4_294_967_296L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EightBillionFiveHundredEightyNineMillionNineHundredThirtyFourThousandFiveHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 8_589_934_592L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SeventeenBillionOneHundredSeventyNineMillionEightHundredSixtyNineThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 17_179_869_184L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtyFourBillionThreeHundredFiftyNineMillionSevenHundredThirtyEightThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 34_359_738_368L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SixtyEightBillionSevenHundredNineteenMillionFourHundredSeventySixThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 68_719_476_736L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredThirtyEightMillionNineHundredFiftyThreeThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne = 137_438_953_472L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredSeventyFourBillionEightHundredSeventySevenMillionNineHundredSixThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 274_877_906_944L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredFortyNineBillionSevenHundredFiftyFiveMillionEightHundredThirteenThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 549_755_813_888L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneTrillionNinetyNineBillionFiveHundredElevenMillionSixHundredTwentySevenThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_099_511_627_776L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwentyThreeMillionTwoHundredFiftyFiveThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_199_023_255_552L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFortySixMillionFiveHundredElevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne = 4_398_046_511_104L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySixBillionNinetyThreeMillionTwentyTwoThousandTwoHundredEightMinusOne = 8_796_093_022_208L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SeventeenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyTwoBillionOneHundredEightySixMillionFortyFourThousandFourHundredSixteenMinusOne = 17_592_186_044_416L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtyFiveTrillionOneHundredEightyFourBillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoMillionEightyEightThousandEightHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne = 35_184_372_088_832L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SeventyTrillionThreeHundredSixtyEightBillionSevenHundredFortyFourMillionOneHundredSeventySevenThousandSixHundredSixtyFourMinusOne = 70_368_744_177_664L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredFortyTrillionSevenHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredEightyEightMillionThreeHundredFiftyFiveThousandThreeHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 140_737_488_355_328L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredEightyOneTrillionFourHundredSeventyFourBillionNineHundredSeventySixMillionSevenHundredTenThousandSixHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 281_474_976_710_656L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredSixtyTwoTrillionNineHundredFortyNineBillionNineHundredFiftyThreeMillionFourHundredTwentyOneThousandThreeHundredTwelveMinusOne = 562_949_953_421_312L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneQuadrillionOneHundredTwentyFiveTrillionEightHundredNinetyNineBillionNineHundredSixMillionEightHundredFortyTwoThousandSixHundredTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_125_899_906_842_624L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoQuadrillionTwoHundredFiftyOneTrillionSevenHundredNinetyNineBillionEightHundredThirteenMillionSixHundredEightyFiveThousandTwoHundredFortyEightMinusOne = 2_251_799_813_685_248L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourQuadrillionFiveHundredThreeTrillionFiveHundredNinetyNineBillionSixHundredTwentySevenMillionThreeHundredSeventyThousandFourHundredNinetySixMinusOne = 4_503_599_627_370_496L - 1L;
-			public const ulong NineQuadrillionSevenTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwoHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredFortyThousandNineHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 9_007_199_254_740_992L - 1L;
-			public const ulong EighteenQuadrillionFourteenTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFiveHundredEightMillionEightHundredEightyThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 18_014_398_509_481_984L - 1L;
-			public const ulong ThirtySixQuadrillionTwentyEightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySevenBillionSeventeenMillionSevenHundredSixtyThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 36_028_797_018_963_968L - 1L;
-			public const ulong SeventyTwoQuadrillionFiftySevenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyFourBillionThirtyFiveMillionFiveHundredTwentyThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 72_057_594_037_927_936L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneHundredFortyFourQuadrillionOneHundredFifteenTrillionOneHundredEightyEightBillionSeventyOneMillionFortyOneThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne = 144_115_188_075_855_872L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoHundredEightyEightQuadrillionTwoHundredThirtyTrillionThreeHundredSeventySixBillionOneHundredFortyTwoMillionEightyTwoThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 288_230_376_151_711_744L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FiveHundredSeventySixQuadrillionFourHundredSixtyTrillionSevenHundredFiftyTwoBillionTwoHundredEightyFourMillionOneHundredSixtyFiveThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 576_460_752_303_423_488L - 1L;
-			public const ulong OneQuintillionOneHundredFiftyTwoQuadrillionNineHundredTwentyOneTrillionFiveHundredFourBillionSixHundredSixtyEightMillionThreeHundredThirtyOneThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_152_921_504_606_846_976L - 1L;
-			public const ulong TwoQuintillionThreeHundredFiveQuadrillionEightHundredFortyThreeTrillionNineBillionThreeHundredThirtySixMillionSixHundredSixtyThreeThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_305_843_009_213_693_952L - 1L;
-			public const ulong FourQuintillionSixHundredElevenQuadrillionSixHundredEightySevenTrillionEightHundredSixteenBillionSixHundredSeventyThreeMillionTwoHundredTwentySevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne = 4_611_686_018_427_387_904L - 1L;
-			public const ulong NineQuintillionTwoHundredTwentyThreeQuadrillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoTrillionThirtySixBillionEightHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredSeventyFiveThousandEightHundredEightMinusOne = 9_223_372_036_854_775_808UL - 1UL;
-		}
-
-		[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-		public static ulong ULongMinusOne(int i) => i switch
-		{
-			0 => 0UL,
-			1 => ULongNumbers.TwoMinusOne,
-			2 => ULongNumbers.FourMinusOne,
-			3 => ULongNumbers.EightMinusOne,
-			4 => ULongNumbers.SixteenMinusOne,
-			5 => ULongNumbers.ThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			6 => ULongNumbers.SixtyFourMinusOne,
-			7 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			8 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			9 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			10 => ULongNumbers.OneThousandTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			11 => ULongNumbers.TwoThousandFortyEightMinusOne,
-			12 => ULongNumbers.FourThousandNinetySixMinusOne,
-			13 => ULongNumbers.EightThousandOneHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			14 => ULongNumbers.SixteenThousandThreeHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			15 => ULongNumbers.ThirtyTwoThousandSevenHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			16 => ULongNumbers.SixtyFiveThousandFiveHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			17 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredThirtyOneThousandSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			18 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredSixtyTwoThousandOneHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			19 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredTwentyFourThousandTwoHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			20 => ULongNumbers.OneMillionFortyEightThousandFiveHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			21 => ULongNumbers.TwoMillionNinetySevenThousandOneHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			22 => ULongNumbers.FourMillionOneHundredNinetyFourThousandThreeHundredFourMinusOne,
-			23 => ULongNumbers.EightMillionThreeHundredEightyEightThousandSixHundredEightMinusOne,
-			24 => ULongNumbers.SixteenMillionSevenHundredSeventySevenThousandTwoHundredSixteenMinusOne,
-			25 => ULongNumbers.ThirtyThreeMillionFiveHundredFiftyFourThousandFourHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			26 => ULongNumbers.SixtySevenMillionOneHundredEightThousandEightHundredSixtyFourMinusOne,
-			27 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredThirtyFourMillionTwoHundredSeventeenThousandSevenHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			28 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredSixtyEightMillionFourHundredThirtyFiveThousandFourHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			29 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredThirtySixMillionEightHundredSeventyThousandNineHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			30 => ULongNumbers.OneBillionSeventyThreeMillionSevenHundredFortyOneThousandEightHundredTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			31 => ULongNumbers.TwoBillionOneHundredFortySevenMillionFourHundredEightyThreeThousandSixHundredFortyEightMinusOne,
-			32 => ULongNumbers.FourBillionTwoHundredNinetyFourMillionNineHundredSixtySevenThousandTwoHundredNinetySixMinusOne,
-			33 => ULongNumbers.EightBillionFiveHundredEightyNineMillionNineHundredThirtyFourThousandFiveHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			34 => ULongNumbers.SeventeenBillionOneHundredSeventyNineMillionEightHundredSixtyNineThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			35 => ULongNumbers.ThirtyFourBillionThreeHundredFiftyNineMillionSevenHundredThirtyEightThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			36 => ULongNumbers.SixtyEightBillionSevenHundredNineteenMillionFourHundredSeventySixThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			37 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredThirtyEightMillionNineHundredFiftyThreeThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			38 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredSeventyFourBillionEightHundredSeventySevenMillionNineHundredSixThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			39 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredFortyNineBillionSevenHundredFiftyFiveMillionEightHundredThirteenThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			40 => ULongNumbers.OneTrillionNinetyNineBillionFiveHundredElevenMillionSixHundredTwentySevenThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			41 => ULongNumbers.TwoTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwentyThreeMillionTwoHundredFiftyFiveThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			42 => ULongNumbers.FourTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFortySixMillionFiveHundredElevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne,
-			43 => ULongNumbers.EightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySixBillionNinetyThreeMillionTwentyTwoThousandTwoHundredEightMinusOne,
-			44 => ULongNumbers.SeventeenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyTwoBillionOneHundredEightySixMillionFortyFourThousandFourHundredSixteenMinusOne,
-			45 => ULongNumbers.ThirtyFiveTrillionOneHundredEightyFourBillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoMillionEightyEightThousandEightHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			46 => ULongNumbers.SeventyTrillionThreeHundredSixtyEightBillionSevenHundredFortyFourMillionOneHundredSeventySevenThousandSixHundredSixtyFourMinusOne,
-			47 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredFortyTrillionSevenHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredEightyEightMillionThreeHundredFiftyFiveThousandThreeHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			48 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredEightyOneTrillionFourHundredSeventyFourBillionNineHundredSeventySixMillionSevenHundredTenThousandSixHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			49 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredSixtyTwoTrillionNineHundredFortyNineBillionNineHundredFiftyThreeMillionFourHundredTwentyOneThousandThreeHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			50 => ULongNumbers.OneQuadrillionOneHundredTwentyFiveTrillionEightHundredNinetyNineBillionNineHundredSixMillionEightHundredFortyTwoThousandSixHundredTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			51 => ULongNumbers.TwoQuadrillionTwoHundredFiftyOneTrillionSevenHundredNinetyNineBillionEightHundredThirteenMillionSixHundredEightyFiveThousandTwoHundredFortyEightMinusOne,
-			52 => ULongNumbers.FourQuadrillionFiveHundredThreeTrillionFiveHundredNinetyNineBillionSixHundredTwentySevenMillionThreeHundredSeventyThousandFourHundredNinetySixMinusOne,
-			53 => ULongNumbers.NineQuadrillionSevenTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwoHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredFortyThousandNineHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			54 => ULongNumbers.EighteenQuadrillionFourteenTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFiveHundredEightMillionEightHundredEightyThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			55 => ULongNumbers.ThirtySixQuadrillionTwentyEightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySevenBillionSeventeenMillionSevenHundredSixtyThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			56 => ULongNumbers.SeventyTwoQuadrillionFiftySevenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyFourBillionThirtyFiveMillionFiveHundredTwentyThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			57 => ULongNumbers.OneHundredFortyFourQuadrillionOneHundredFifteenTrillionOneHundredEightyEightBillionSeventyOneMillionFortyOneThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			58 => ULongNumbers.TwoHundredEightyEightQuadrillionTwoHundredThirtyTrillionThreeHundredSeventySixBillionOneHundredFortyTwoMillionEightyTwoThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			59 => ULongNumbers.FiveHundredSeventySixQuadrillionFourHundredSixtyTrillionSevenHundredFiftyTwoBillionTwoHundredEightyFourMillionOneHundredSixtyFiveThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			60 => ULongNumbers.OneQuintillionOneHundredFiftyTwoQuadrillionNineHundredTwentyOneTrillionFiveHundredFourBillionSixHundredSixtyEightMillionThreeHundredThirtyOneThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			61 => ULongNumbers.TwoQuintillionThreeHundredFiveQuadrillionEightHundredFortyThreeTrillionNineBillionThreeHundredThirtySixMillionSixHundredSixtyThreeThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			62 => ULongNumbers.FourQuintillionSixHundredElevenQuadrillionSixHundredEightySevenTrillionEightHundredSixteenBillionSixHundredSeventyThreeMillionTwoHundredTwentySevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne,
-			63 => ULongNumbers.NineQuintillionTwoHundredTwentyThreeQuadrillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoTrillionThirtySixBillionEightHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredSeventyFiveThousandEightHundredEightMinusOne,
-			_ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(i)),
-		};
-
-		private static readonly ulong[] BitMask64 = CreateBitMask64();
-
-		[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-		private static ulong[] CreateBitMask64()
-		{
-			ulong[] masks = new ulong[64];
-			ulong value = 1UL;
-			for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-			{
-				masks[i] = value;
-				value <<= 1;
-			}
-			return masks;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-		public ulong ByShifting()
-		{
-			ulong result = 0UL;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = (1UL << i) - 1UL;
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark]
-		public ulong ByMapping()
-		{
-			ulong result = 0UL;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = ULongMinusOne(i);
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark]
-		public ulong StaticArray()
-		{
-			ulong result = 0UL;
-			ulong[] bitMask64 = BitMask64;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 63; i++)
-			{
-				result = bitMask64[i];
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-
-	public class Pow2ProviderLongBenchmarks
-	{
-		public static class LongNumbers
-		{
-			public const long TwoMinusOne = 2L - 1L;
-			public const long FourMinusOne = 4L - 1L;
-			public const long EightMinusOne = 8L - 1L;
-			public const long SixteenMinusOne = 16L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtyTwoMinusOne = 32L - 1L;
-			public const long SixtyFourMinusOne = 64L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 128L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 256L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredTwelveMinusOne = 512L - 1L;
-			public const long OneThousandTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_024L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoThousandFortyEightMinusOne = 2_048L - 1L;
-			public const long FourThousandNinetySixMinusOne = 4_096L - 1L;
-			public const long EightThousandOneHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 8_192L - 1L;
-			public const long SixteenThousandThreeHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 16_384L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtyTwoThousandSevenHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 32_768L - 1L;
-			public const long SixtyFiveThousandFiveHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 65_536L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredThirtyOneThousandSeventyTwoMinusOne = 131_072L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredSixtyTwoThousandOneHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 262_144L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredTwentyFourThousandTwoHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 524_288L - 1L;
-			public const long OneMillionFortyEightThousandFiveHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_048_576L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoMillionNinetySevenThousandOneHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_097_152L - 1L;
-			public const long FourMillionOneHundredNinetyFourThousandThreeHundredFourMinusOne = 4_194_304L - 1L;
-			public const long EightMillionThreeHundredEightyEightThousandSixHundredEightMinusOne = 8_388_608L - 1L;
-			public const long SixteenMillionSevenHundredSeventySevenThousandTwoHundredSixteenMinusOne = 16_777_216L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtyThreeMillionFiveHundredFiftyFourThousandFourHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne = 33_554_432L - 1L;
-			public const long SixtySevenMillionOneHundredEightThousandEightHundredSixtyFourMinusOne = 67_108_864L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredThirtyFourMillionTwoHundredSeventeenThousandSevenHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 134_217_728L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredSixtyEightMillionFourHundredThirtyFiveThousandFourHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 268_435_456L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredThirtySixMillionEightHundredSeventyThousandNineHundredTwelveMinusOne = 536_870_912L - 1L;
-			public const long OneBillionSeventyThreeMillionSevenHundredFortyOneThousandEightHundredTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_073_741_824L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoBillionOneHundredFortySevenMillionFourHundredEightyThreeThousandSixHundredFortyEightMinusOne = 2_147_483_648L - 1L;
-			public const long FourBillionTwoHundredNinetyFourMillionNineHundredSixtySevenThousandTwoHundredNinetySixMinusOne = 4_294_967_296L - 1L;
-			public const long EightBillionFiveHundredEightyNineMillionNineHundredThirtyFourThousandFiveHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 8_589_934_592L - 1L;
-			public const long SeventeenBillionOneHundredSeventyNineMillionEightHundredSixtyNineThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 17_179_869_184L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtyFourBillionThreeHundredFiftyNineMillionSevenHundredThirtyEightThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 34_359_738_368L - 1L;
-			public const long SixtyEightBillionSevenHundredNineteenMillionFourHundredSeventySixThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 68_719_476_736L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredThirtyEightMillionNineHundredFiftyThreeThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne = 137_438_953_472L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredSeventyFourBillionEightHundredSeventySevenMillionNineHundredSixThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 274_877_906_944L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredFortyNineBillionSevenHundredFiftyFiveMillionEightHundredThirteenThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 549_755_813_888L - 1L;
-			public const long OneTrillionNinetyNineBillionFiveHundredElevenMillionSixHundredTwentySevenThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_099_511_627_776L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwentyThreeMillionTwoHundredFiftyFiveThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_199_023_255_552L - 1L;
-			public const long FourTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFortySixMillionFiveHundredElevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne = 4_398_046_511_104L - 1L;
-			public const long EightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySixBillionNinetyThreeMillionTwentyTwoThousandTwoHundredEightMinusOne = 8_796_093_022_208L - 1L;
-			public const long SeventeenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyTwoBillionOneHundredEightySixMillionFortyFourThousandFourHundredSixteenMinusOne = 17_592_186_044_416L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtyFiveTrillionOneHundredEightyFourBillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoMillionEightyEightThousandEightHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne = 35_184_372_088_832L - 1L;
-			public const long SeventyTrillionThreeHundredSixtyEightBillionSevenHundredFortyFourMillionOneHundredSeventySevenThousandSixHundredSixtyFourMinusOne = 70_368_744_177_664L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredFortyTrillionSevenHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredEightyEightMillionThreeHundredFiftyFiveThousandThreeHundredTwentyEightMinusOne = 140_737_488_355_328L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredEightyOneTrillionFourHundredSeventyFourBillionNineHundredSeventySixMillionSevenHundredTenThousandSixHundredFiftySixMinusOne = 281_474_976_710_656L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredSixtyTwoTrillionNineHundredFortyNineBillionNineHundredFiftyThreeMillionFourHundredTwentyOneThousandThreeHundredTwelveMinusOne = 562_949_953_421_312L - 1L;
-			public const long OneQuadrillionOneHundredTwentyFiveTrillionEightHundredNinetyNineBillionNineHundredSixMillionEightHundredFortyTwoThousandSixHundredTwentyFourMinusOne = 1_125_899_906_842_624L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoQuadrillionTwoHundredFiftyOneTrillionSevenHundredNinetyNineBillionEightHundredThirteenMillionSixHundredEightyFiveThousandTwoHundredFortyEightMinusOne = 2_251_799_813_685_248L - 1L;
-			public const long FourQuadrillionFiveHundredThreeTrillionFiveHundredNinetyNineBillionSixHundredTwentySevenMillionThreeHundredSeventyThousandFourHundredNinetySixMinusOne = 4_503_599_627_370_496L - 1L;
-			public const long NineQuadrillionSevenTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwoHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredFortyThousandNineHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne = 9_007_199_254_740_992L - 1L;
-			public const long EighteenQuadrillionFourteenTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFiveHundredEightMillionEightHundredEightyThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne = 18_014_398_509_481_984L - 1L;
-			public const long ThirtySixQuadrillionTwentyEightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySevenBillionSeventeenMillionSevenHundredSixtyThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne = 36_028_797_018_963_968L - 1L;
-			public const long SeventyTwoQuadrillionFiftySevenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyFourBillionThirtyFiveMillionFiveHundredTwentyThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne = 72_057_594_037_927_936L - 1L;
-			public const long OneHundredFortyFourQuadrillionOneHundredFifteenTrillionOneHundredEightyEightBillionSeventyOneMillionFortyOneThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne = 144_115_188_075_855_872L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoHundredEightyEightQuadrillionTwoHundredThirtyTrillionThreeHundredSeventySixBillionOneHundredFortyTwoMillionEightyTwoThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne = 288_230_376_151_711_744L - 1L;
-			public const long FiveHundredSeventySixQuadrillionFourHundredSixtyTrillionSevenHundredFiftyTwoBillionTwoHundredEightyFourMillionOneHundredSixtyFiveThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne = 576_460_752_303_423_488L - 1L;
-			public const long OneQuintillionOneHundredFiftyTwoQuadrillionNineHundredTwentyOneTrillionFiveHundredFourBillionSixHundredSixtyEightMillionThreeHundredThirtyOneThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne = 1_152_921_504_606_846_976L - 1L;
-			public const long TwoQuintillionThreeHundredFiveQuadrillionEightHundredFortyThreeTrillionNineBillionThreeHundredThirtySixMillionSixHundredSixtyThreeThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne = 2_305_843_009_213_693_952L - 1L;
-			public const long FourQuintillionSixHundredElevenQuadrillionSixHundredEightySevenTrillionEightHundredSixteenBillionSixHundredSeventyThreeMillionTwoHundredTwentySevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne = 4_611_686_018_427_387_904L - 1L;
-		}
-
-		[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-		public static long LongMinusOne(int i) => i switch
-		{
-			0 => 0L,
-			1 => LongNumbers.TwoMinusOne,
-			2 => LongNumbers.FourMinusOne,
-			3 => LongNumbers.EightMinusOne,
-			4 => LongNumbers.SixteenMinusOne,
-			5 => LongNumbers.ThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			6 => LongNumbers.SixtyFourMinusOne,
-			7 => LongNumbers.OneHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			8 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			9 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			10 => LongNumbers.OneThousandTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			11 => LongNumbers.TwoThousandFortyEightMinusOne,
-			12 => LongNumbers.FourThousandNinetySixMinusOne,
-			13 => LongNumbers.EightThousandOneHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			14 => LongNumbers.SixteenThousandThreeHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			15 => LongNumbers.ThirtyTwoThousandSevenHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			16 => LongNumbers.SixtyFiveThousandFiveHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			17 => LongNumbers.OneHundredThirtyOneThousandSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			18 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredSixtyTwoThousandOneHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			19 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredTwentyFourThousandTwoHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			20 => LongNumbers.OneMillionFortyEightThousandFiveHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			21 => LongNumbers.TwoMillionNinetySevenThousandOneHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			22 => LongNumbers.FourMillionOneHundredNinetyFourThousandThreeHundredFourMinusOne,
-			23 => LongNumbers.EightMillionThreeHundredEightyEightThousandSixHundredEightMinusOne,
-			24 => LongNumbers.SixteenMillionSevenHundredSeventySevenThousandTwoHundredSixteenMinusOne,
-			25 => LongNumbers.ThirtyThreeMillionFiveHundredFiftyFourThousandFourHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			26 => LongNumbers.SixtySevenMillionOneHundredEightThousandEightHundredSixtyFourMinusOne,
-			27 => LongNumbers.OneHundredThirtyFourMillionTwoHundredSeventeenThousandSevenHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			28 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredSixtyEightMillionFourHundredThirtyFiveThousandFourHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			29 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredThirtySixMillionEightHundredSeventyThousandNineHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			30 => LongNumbers.OneBillionSeventyThreeMillionSevenHundredFortyOneThousandEightHundredTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			31 => LongNumbers.TwoBillionOneHundredFortySevenMillionFourHundredEightyThreeThousandSixHundredFortyEightMinusOne,
-			32 => LongNumbers.FourBillionTwoHundredNinetyFourMillionNineHundredSixtySevenThousandTwoHundredNinetySixMinusOne,
-			33 => LongNumbers.EightBillionFiveHundredEightyNineMillionNineHundredThirtyFourThousandFiveHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			34 => LongNumbers.SeventeenBillionOneHundredSeventyNineMillionEightHundredSixtyNineThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			35 => LongNumbers.ThirtyFourBillionThreeHundredFiftyNineMillionSevenHundredThirtyEightThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			36 => LongNumbers.SixtyEightBillionSevenHundredNineteenMillionFourHundredSeventySixThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			37 => LongNumbers.OneHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredThirtyEightMillionNineHundredFiftyThreeThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			38 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredSeventyFourBillionEightHundredSeventySevenMillionNineHundredSixThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			39 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredFortyNineBillionSevenHundredFiftyFiveMillionEightHundredThirteenThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			40 => LongNumbers.OneTrillionNinetyNineBillionFiveHundredElevenMillionSixHundredTwentySevenThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			41 => LongNumbers.TwoTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwentyThreeMillionTwoHundredFiftyFiveThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			42 => LongNumbers.FourTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFortySixMillionFiveHundredElevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne,
-			43 => LongNumbers.EightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySixBillionNinetyThreeMillionTwentyTwoThousandTwoHundredEightMinusOne,
-			44 => LongNumbers.SeventeenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyTwoBillionOneHundredEightySixMillionFortyFourThousandFourHundredSixteenMinusOne,
-			45 => LongNumbers.ThirtyFiveTrillionOneHundredEightyFourBillionThreeHundredSeventyTwoMillionEightyEightThousandEightHundredThirtyTwoMinusOne,
-			46 => LongNumbers.SeventyTrillionThreeHundredSixtyEightBillionSevenHundredFortyFourMillionOneHundredSeventySevenThousandSixHundredSixtyFourMinusOne,
-			47 => LongNumbers.OneHundredFortyTrillionSevenHundredThirtySevenBillionFourHundredEightyEightMillionThreeHundredFiftyFiveThousandThreeHundredTwentyEightMinusOne,
-			48 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredEightyOneTrillionFourHundredSeventyFourBillionNineHundredSeventySixMillionSevenHundredTenThousandSixHundredFiftySixMinusOne,
-			49 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredSixtyTwoTrillionNineHundredFortyNineBillionNineHundredFiftyThreeMillionFourHundredTwentyOneThousandThreeHundredTwelveMinusOne,
-			50 => LongNumbers.OneQuadrillionOneHundredTwentyFiveTrillionEightHundredNinetyNineBillionNineHundredSixMillionEightHundredFortyTwoThousandSixHundredTwentyFourMinusOne,
-			51 => LongNumbers.TwoQuadrillionTwoHundredFiftyOneTrillionSevenHundredNinetyNineBillionEightHundredThirteenMillionSixHundredEightyFiveThousandTwoHundredFortyEightMinusOne,
-			52 => LongNumbers.FourQuadrillionFiveHundredThreeTrillionFiveHundredNinetyNineBillionSixHundredTwentySevenMillionThreeHundredSeventyThousandFourHundredNinetySixMinusOne,
-			53 => LongNumbers.NineQuadrillionSevenTrillionOneHundredNinetyNineBillionTwoHundredFiftyFourMillionSevenHundredFortyThousandNineHundredNinetyTwoMinusOne,
-			54 => LongNumbers.EighteenQuadrillionFourteenTrillionThreeHundredNinetyEightBillionFiveHundredEightMillionEightHundredEightyThousandOneHundredEightyFourMinusOne,
-			55 => LongNumbers.ThirtySixQuadrillionTwentyEightTrillionSevenHundredNinetySevenBillionSeventeenMillionSevenHundredSixtyThousandThreeHundredSixtyEightMinusOne,
-			56 => LongNumbers.SeventyTwoQuadrillionFiftySevenTrillionFiveHundredNinetyFourBillionThirtyFiveMillionFiveHundredTwentyThousandSevenHundredThirtySixMinusOne,
-			57 => LongNumbers.OneHundredFortyFourQuadrillionOneHundredFifteenTrillionOneHundredEightyEightBillionSeventyOneMillionFortyOneThousandFourHundredSeventyTwoMinusOne,
-			58 => LongNumbers.TwoHundredEightyEightQuadrillionTwoHundredThirtyTrillionThreeHundredSeventySixBillionOneHundredFortyTwoMillionEightyTwoThousandNineHundredFortyFourMinusOne,
-			59 => LongNumbers.FiveHundredSeventySixQuadrillionFourHundredSixtyTrillionSevenHundredFiftyTwoBillionTwoHundredEightyFourMillionOneHundredSixtyFiveThousandEightHundredEightyEightMinusOne,
-			60 => LongNumbers.OneQuintillionOneHundredFiftyTwoQuadrillionNineHundredTwentyOneTrillionFiveHundredFourBillionSixHundredSixtyEightMillionThreeHundredThirtyOneThousandSevenHundredSeventySixMinusOne,
-			61 => LongNumbers.TwoQuintillionThreeHundredFiveQuadrillionEightHundredFortyThreeTrillionNineBillionThreeHundredThirtySixMillionSixHundredSixtyThreeThousandFiveHundredFiftyTwoMinusOne,
-			62 => LongNumbers.FourQuintillionSixHundredElevenQuadrillionSixHundredEightySevenTrillionEightHundredSixteenBillionSixHundredSeventyThreeMillionTwoHundredTwentySevenThousandOneHundredFourMinusOne,
-			_ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(i)),
-		};
-
-		[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
-		public long ByShifting()
-		{
-			long result = 0L;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 62; i++)
-			{
-				result = (1L << i) - 1L;
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-
-		[Benchmark]
-		public long ByMapping()
-		{
-			long result = 0L;
-			for (int i = 0; i <= 62; i++)
-			{
-				result = LongMinusOne(i);
-			}
-
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-}

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks/PrimeTesterBenchmarks.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
 using BenchmarkDotNet.Jobs;
 using Open.Numeric.Primes;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks;
 [MemoryDiagnoser]
 public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
 {
+    private static readonly HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester _heuristicCombinedTester = new();
+    private static readonly HeuristicPrimeTester _heuristicTester = new();
     private ulong[] _candidates = [];
 
     [ParamsSource(nameof(GetBenchmarkCases))]
@@ -19,8 +22,6 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
     [GlobalSetup]
     public void GlobalSetup()
     {
-		EnvironmentConfiguration.RollingAccelerators = 1;
-
         _candidates = BenchmarkCase.Candidates;
 
         if (_candidates.Length == 0)
@@ -28,26 +29,21 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
             return;
         }
 
-
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.WarmUp();
-		// HeuristicGroupABPrimeTesterAccelerator.WarmUp();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-
-        _ = HeuristicPrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(_candidates[0]);
-        _ = HeuristicPrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, _candidates[0]);
+        _ = _heuristicTester.IsPrimeCpu(_candidates[0]);
+        _ = _heuristicTester.IsPrimeGpu(_candidates[0]);
         _ = Prime.Numbers.IsPrime(_candidates[0]);
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
     }
 
-    // [Benchmark]
+    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
     public int HeuristicCpu()
     {
+        HeuristicPrimeTester tester = _heuristicTester;
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
         int primeCount = 0;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
         {
-            if (HeuristicPrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(values[i]))
+            if (tester.IsPrimeCpu(values[i]))
             {
                 primeCount++;
             }
@@ -56,35 +52,33 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
         return primeCount;
     }
 
-    // [Benchmark]
+    [Benchmark]
     public int HeuristicGpu()
     {
+        HeuristicPrimeTester tester = _heuristicTester;
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
         int primeCount = 0;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
 
         for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
         {
-            if (HeuristicPrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, values[i]))
+            if (tester.IsPrimeGpu(values[i]))
             {
                 primeCount++;
             }
         }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
         return primeCount;
     }
 
-    // [Benchmark]
+    [Benchmark]
     public int HeuristicCombinedGpu()
     {
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
         int primeCount = 0;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
         {
-            if (HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, values[i]))
+            if (HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(values[i]))
             {
                 primeCount++;
             }
@@ -93,7 +87,7 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
         return primeCount;
     }
 
-    // [Benchmark]
+    [Benchmark]
     public int HeuristicCombinedCpu()
     {
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
@@ -110,26 +104,27 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
         return primeCount;
     }
 
-    // [Benchmark]
+	private static readonly PrimeTester _nonHeuristicTester = new();
+
+    [Benchmark]
     public int NonHeuristicGpu()
 	{
+		PrimeTester tester = _nonHeuristicTester;
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
         int primeCount = 0;
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
         {
-            if (PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, values[i]))
+            if (tester.IsPrimeGpu(values[i]))
             {
                 primeCount++;
             }
         }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
         return primeCount;
     }
 
-    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
+    [Benchmark]
     public int NonHeuristicCpu()
     {
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
@@ -137,7 +132,7 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
 
         for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
         {
-            if (PrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(values[i]))
+            if (PrimeTester.IsPrime(values[i]))
             {
                 primeCount++;
             }
@@ -147,40 +142,6 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
     }
 
     [Benchmark]
-    public int ByLastDigitCpu()
-    {
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        int primeCount = 0;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-            if (PrimeTesterByLastDigit.IsPrimeCpu(values[i]))
-            {
-                primeCount++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return primeCount;
-    }
-
-    [Benchmark]
-    public int SevenOrOthersCpu()
-    {
-        ulong[] values = _candidates;
-        int primeCount = 0;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
-        {
-            if (PrimeTesterSeverOrOthers.IsPrimeCpu(values[i]))
-            {
-                primeCount++;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return primeCount;
-    }
-
-    // [Benchmark]
     public int OpenNumericPrimes()
     {
         ulong[] values = _candidates;
@@ -213,54 +174,12 @@ public class PrimeTesterBenchmarks
             4_000_000UL,
             4_096);
 
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥16_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 16,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            16_000_001UL,
-            16_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥32_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 32,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            32_000_001UL,
-            32_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥64_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 64,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            64_000_001UL,
-            64_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥100_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 100,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            100_000_001UL,
-            100_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
         yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
             "≥138_000_000",
             "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 138,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
             138_000_001UL,
             138_500_000UL,
             4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥276_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 276,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            276_000_001UL,
-            276_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
-
-        yield return PrimeBenchmarkCase.FromRange(
-            "≥552_000_000",
-            "Sampled admissible odd values ≥ 552,000,000 (k ≤ 5, not divisible by 5)",
-            552_000_001UL,
-            552_500_000UL,
-            4_096);
     }
 
     public readonly record struct PrimeBenchmarkCase(string Name, string Description, ulong[] Candidates)

EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser.csproj

@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="Open.Numeric.Primes" Version="4.0.4" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Spectre.Console" Version="0.54.1-alpha.0.37" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
 </Project>

EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser/Program.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Text;
 using Open.Numeric.Primes;
-using Spectre.Console;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.ResultsParser;
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ internal static class Program
 				"/help"
 		};
 
-private const string DefaultHeader = "p,divisor,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests";
+	private const string DefaultHeader = "p,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests";
 
 	private static int Main(string[] args)
 	{
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ private const string DefaultHeader = "p,divisor,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,p
 		}
 		catch (Exception exception)
 		{
-            AnsiConsole.WriteException(exception);
+			Console.Error.WriteLine($"Processing failed: {exception.Message}");
 			return 1;
 		}
 	}

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests/EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests.csproj

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests/ProgramTests.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,13 @@ using Xunit;
 using System.Reflection;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+
+using EvenPerfectBitScanner;
 using EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates;
 using EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates.Transforms;
 using System.Numerics;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests;
 
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ public class ProgramTests
     [InlineData(81UL, false)]
     public void IsPrime_identifies_primes_correctly(ulong n, bool expected)
     {
-        PrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(n).Should().Be(expected);
+        PrimeTester.IsPrime(n).Should().Be(expected);
     }
 
     [Fact]
@@ -99,26 +102,27 @@ public class ProgramTests
         var testerField = typeof(Program).GetField("_divisorTester", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var candidatesField = typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester).GetField("_divisorCandidates", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
         testerField.SetValue(null, new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester());
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
         candidatesField.SetValue(null, new (ulong, uint)[] { (7UL, 3U), (23UL, 11U) });
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, true);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 11UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeFalse();
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 5UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeTrue();
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 127UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(11UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeFalse();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(5UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(127UL, 32UL, out _, out _).Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             testerField.SetValue(null, null);
             candidatesField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -131,26 +135,27 @@ public class ProgramTests
         var testerField = typeof(Program).GetField("_divisorTester", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var candidatesField = typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester).GetField("_divisorCandidates", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
         testerField.SetValue(null, new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester());
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
         candidatesField.SetValue(null, Array.Empty<(ulong, uint)>());
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, true);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 11UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(11UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailedCheck.Should().BeFalse();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             testerField.SetValue(null, null);
             candidatesField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -163,24 +168,25 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var testerField = typeof(Program).GetField("_divisorTester", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
         testerField.SetValue(null, new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester());
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, true);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 3UL, 4_000_000_000UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(3UL, 4_000_000_000UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             testerField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -193,28 +199,29 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var testerField = typeof(Program).GetField("_divisorTester", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
         testerField.SetValue(null, new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester());
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 11UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(11UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeTrue();
 
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 13UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(13UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeFalse();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             testerField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -226,28 +233,29 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu( maxK: 1_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(useIncremental: true, useResidue: true, maxK: 1_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 29UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(29UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeFalse();
 
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 31UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(31UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -259,30 +267,32 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-            
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useIncremental: true,
+            useResidue: true,
             maxK: 1_024UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
             ulong[] primes = [107UL, 127UL];
             foreach (ulong prime in primes)
             {
-                Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, prime, 1024UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+                Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(prime, 1024UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
                 searched.Should().BeTrue();
                 detailed.Should().BeTrue();
             }
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -295,30 +305,32 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-            
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useIncremental: true,
+            useResidue: true,
             maxK: 5_000_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
             ulong[] primes = [107UL, 127UL, 521UL, 607UL];
             Parallel.ForEach(primes, prime =>
             {
-                Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, prime, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+                Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(prime, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
                 searched.Should().BeTrue();
                 detailed.Should().BeTrue();
             });
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -330,30 +342,32 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-            
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useIncremental: true,
+            useResidue: true,
             maxK: 5_000_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 107UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(107UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeTrue();
 
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 127UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(127UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             detailed.Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -366,25 +380,29 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-            
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useIncremental: true,
+            useGpuScan: false,
+            useGpuOrder: false,
+            useResidue: true,
             maxK: 1_024UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, exponent, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, true);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, exponent, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(exponent, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -399,38 +417,32 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() =>
-        {
-            if (configuration.UseGpuOrder)
-            {
-                return new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForGpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-                    
-                    kernelType: configuration.KernelType,
-                    maxK: configuration.ResidueMaxK);
-            }
-
-            return new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-                
-                kernelType: configuration.KernelType,
-                maxK: configuration.ResidueMaxK);
-        }, trackAllValues: true));
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useIncremental: false,
+            kernelType: configuration.KernelType,
+            useGpuScan: true,
+            useGpuOrder: configuration.UseGpuOrder,
+            useResidue: true,
+            maxK: configuration.ResidueMaxK), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, exponent, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, exponent, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(exponent, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailedCheck).Should().BeTrue();
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
+            GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
         }
     }
 
@@ -494,32 +506,33 @@ public class ProgramTests
         var mersenneField = typeof(Program).GetField("MersenneTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var primeField = typeof(Program).GetField("PrimeTesters", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
         var compositeField = typeof(Program).GetField("_lastCompositeP", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var forceCpuProp = typeof(GpuContextPool).GetProperty("ForceCpu");
 
-        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<object>(() => new MersenneNumberTesterForIncrementalCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu( maxK: 1_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
+        mersenneField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<MersenneNumberTester>(() => new MersenneNumberTester(useIncremental: true, useResidue: false, maxK: 1_000UL), trackAllValues: true));
         primeField.SetValue(null, new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true));
         CandidatesCalculator.OverrideResidueTrackers(new ThreadLocal<ModResidueTracker>(() => new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity, 2UL, true), trackAllValues: true));
+        forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, true);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
         try
         {
             compositeField.SetValue(null, false);
 
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 9UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(9UL, 0UL, out bool searched, out bool detailed).Should().BeFalse();
             searched.Should().BeFalse();
             detailed.Should().BeFalse();
             ((bool)compositeField.GetValue(null)!).Should().BeTrue();
 
-            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(gpu, 11UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed);
+            Program.IsEvenPerfectCandidate(11UL, 0UL, out searched, out detailed);
             searched.Should().BeTrue();
             ((bool)compositeField.GetValue(null)!).Should().BeFalse();
         }
         finally
         {
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
             mersenneField.SetValue(null, null);
             primeField.SetValue(null, null);
             CandidatesCalculator.ResetResidueTrackers();
             compositeField.SetValue(null, false);
+            forceCpuProp!.SetValue(null, false);
             ResetCliArguments();
         }
     }
@@ -544,9 +557,8 @@ public class ProgramTests
 
         string output = writer.ToString();
         output.Should().Contain("Usage:");
-        output.Should().Contain("--mersenne-device=cpu|gpu|hybrid");
+        output.Should().Contain("--mersenne-device=cpu|gpu");
         output.Should().Contain("--primes-device=cpu|gpu");
     }
 }
 
-

EvenPerfectBitScanner.Tests/ResultsFileNameTests.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Numerics;
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;

EvenPerfectBitScanner/CalculationResultHandler.cs

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 using System.Buffers.Text;
-using System.Globalization;
-using System.Numerics;
+using System.IO;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner;
 
 internal static class CalculationResultHandler
 {
-        private const string ResultsHeader = "p,divisor,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests";
+        private const string ResultsHeader = "p,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests";
         private const string PrimeFoundSuffix = " (FOUND VALID CANDIDATES)";
         internal const int DefaultWriteBatchSize = 100;
 
@@ -95,46 +95,19 @@ internal static class CalculationResultHandler
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        internal static void HandleResult(ulong currentP, BigInteger divisor, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests, bool lastWasComposite)
-        {
-                Span<char> divisorBuffer = stackalloc char[256];
-                if (!divisor.TryFormat(divisorBuffer, out int divisorChars, provider: CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
-                {
-                        string divisorString = divisor.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                        HandleResultInternal(currentP, divisorString.AsSpan(), searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests, lastWasComposite);
-                        return;
-                }
-
-                HandleResultInternal(currentP, divisorBuffer[..divisorChars], searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests, lastWasComposite);
-        }
-
-        internal static void HandleResult(ulong currentP, ulong divisor, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests, bool lastWasComposite)
-        {
-                Span<char> divisorBuffer = stackalloc char[32];
-                if (!divisor.TryFormat(divisorBuffer, out int divisorChars, provider: CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
-                {
-                        string divisorString = divisor.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                        HandleResultInternal(currentP, divisorString.AsSpan(), searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests, lastWasComposite);
-                        return;
-                }
-
-                HandleResultInternal(currentP, divisorBuffer[..divisorChars], searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests, lastWasComposite);
-        }
-
-        private static void HandleResultInternal(ulong currentP, ReadOnlySpan<char> divisorText, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests, bool lastWasComposite)
+        internal static void HandleResult(ulong currentP, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests, bool lastWasComposite)
         {
                 // Program flow ensures Initialize(...) and InitializeOutputBuffer() ran before this call. Do not add initialization guards here.
 
-                Span<byte> stackBuffer = stackalloc byte[256];
+                Span<byte> stackBuffer = stackalloc byte[128];
                 byte[]? rentedBuffer = null;
                 Span<byte> utf8Span = stackBuffer;
-                int byteCount = TryFormatResultLine(utf8Span, currentP, divisorText, searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests);
+                int byteCount = TryFormatResultLine(utf8Span, currentP, searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests);
                 if (byteCount < 0)
                 {
-                        int minimumSize = Math.Max((divisorText.Length + 5) * 4, 256);
-                        rentedBuffer = ThreadStaticPools.BytePool.Rent(minimumSize);
+                        rentedBuffer = ThreadStaticPools.BytePool.Rent(256);
                         utf8Span = rentedBuffer;
-                        byteCount = TryFormatResultLine(utf8Span, currentP, divisorText, searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests);
+                        byteCount = TryFormatResultLine(utf8Span, currentP, searchedMersenne, detailedCheck, passedAllTests);
                         if (byteCount < 0)
                         {
                                 ThreadStaticPools.BytePool.Return(rentedBuffer);
@@ -143,7 +116,7 @@ internal static class CalculationResultHandler
                 }
 
                 ReadOnlySpan<byte> utf8Line = utf8Span[..byteCount];
-                Span<char> charBuffer = stackalloc char[256];
+                Span<char> charBuffer = stackalloc char[128];
                 int charCount = Utf8Encoding.GetChars(utf8Line, charBuffer);
                 ReadOnlySpan<char> recordSpan = charBuffer[..charCount];
 
@@ -258,7 +231,7 @@ internal static class CalculationResultHandler
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private static int TryFormatResultLine(Span<byte> destination, ulong currentP, ReadOnlySpan<char> divisorText, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests)
+        private static int TryFormatResultLine(Span<byte> destination, ulong currentP, bool searchedMersenne, bool detailedCheck, bool passedAllTests)
         {
                 int offset = 0;
 
@@ -275,17 +248,6 @@ internal static class CalculationResultHandler
 
                 destination[offset++] = (byte)',';
 
-                int divisorByteCount = Utf8Encoding.GetByteCount(divisorText);
-                if (offset + divisorByteCount >= destination.Length)
-                {
-                        return -1;
-                }
-
-                divisorByteCount = Utf8Encoding.GetBytes(divisorText, destination[offset..]);
-                offset += divisorByteCount;
-
-                destination[offset++] = (byte)',';
-
                 if (!Utf8Formatter.TryFormat(searchedMersenne, destination[offset..], out written))
                 {
                         return -1;

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Candidates/CalculationTestTime.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates;
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Candidates/CandidatesCalculator.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading;
 using Open.Numeric.Primes;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates.Transforms;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ internal static class CandidatesCalculator
         return trackers.Value!;
     }
 
-    internal static bool IsCompositeByResiduesCpu(ulong p)
+    internal static bool IsCompositeByResidues(ulong p)
     {
         ModResidueTracker tracker = AcquireResidueTracker();
         // Use ModResidueTracker with a small set of primes to pre-filter composite p.
@@ -72,57 +72,7 @@ internal static class CandidatesCalculator
                 break;
             }
 
-            if (tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(p, primes[primeIndex], out bool divisible) && divisible)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    internal static bool IsCompositeByResiduesGpu(PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator gpu, ulong p)
-    {
-        ModResidueTracker tracker = AcquireResidueTracker();
-        // Use ModResidueTracker with a small set of primes to pre-filter composite p.
-        tracker.BeginMerge(p);
-        // TODO: Integrate the divisor-cycle cache here so the small-prime sweep reuses precomputed remainders instead of
-        // running MergeOrAppend for every candidate and missing the cycle-accelerated early exits.
-        // Use the small prime list from PerfectNumbers.Core to the extent of sqrt(p)
-        var primes = PrimesGenerator.SmallPrimes;
-        var primesPow2 = PrimesGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2;
-        int len = primes.Length;
-        for (int primeIndex = 0; primeIndex < len; primeIndex++)
-        {
-            if (primesPow2[primeIndex] > p)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, p, primes[primeIndex], out bool divisible) && divisible)
-            {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    internal static bool IsCompositeByResiduesHybrid(PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator gpu, ulong p)
-    {
-        ModResidueTracker tracker = AcquireResidueTracker();
-        tracker.BeginMerge(p);
-        var primes = PrimesGenerator.SmallPrimes;
-        var primesPow2 = PrimesGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2;
-        int len = primes.Length;
-        for (int primeIndex = 0; primeIndex < len; primeIndex++)
-        {
-            if (primesPow2[primeIndex] > p)
-            {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (tracker.MergeOrAppendHybrid(gpu, p, primes[primeIndex], out bool divisible) && divisible)
+            if (tracker.MergeOrAppend(p, primes[primeIndex], out bool divisible) && divisible)
             {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -179,15 +129,18 @@ internal static class CandidatesCalculator
         return candidates;
     }
 
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-	internal static ulong AdvancePrime(ulong value, ref ulong remainder, ref bool limitReached) => _transformMode switch
-	{
-		PrimeTransformMode.Bit => CandidateBitTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
-		PrimeTransformMode.Add => CandidateAddTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
-		_ => CandidateAddPrimesTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
-	};
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    internal static ulong AdvancePrime(ulong value, ref ulong remainder, ref bool limitReached)
+    {
+        return _transformMode switch
+        {
+            PrimeTransformMode.Bit => CandidateBitTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
+            PrimeTransformMode.Add => CandidateAddTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
+            _ => CandidateAddPrimesTransform.Transform(value, ref remainder, ref limitReached),
+        };
+    }
 
-	internal static int ReserveBlock(ulong[] buffer, int blockSize, ref bool limitReached)
+    internal static int ReserveBlock(ulong[] buffer, int blockSize, ref bool limitReached)
     {
         Span<ulong> bufferSpan = new(buffer);
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Candidates/Transforms/CandidateAddPrimesTransform.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading;
+using EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates;
 using Open.Numeric.Primes;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates.Transforms;

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Candidates/Transforms/CandidateAddTransform.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading;
+using EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates.Transforms;
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Candidates/Transforms/CandidateBitTransform.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.Candidates.Transforms;
 

EvenPerfectBitScanner/CliArguments.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Numerics;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
@@ -25,17 +26,14 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
     internal readonly bool UseResidue;
     internal readonly bool UseDivisor;
     internal readonly bool UseByDivisor;
-    internal readonly ByDivisorKIncrementMode ByDivisorKIncrementMode;
-    internal readonly int ByDivisorSpecialRange;
     internal readonly bool UseGcdFilter;
     internal readonly bool TestMode;
     internal readonly bool UseGpuCycles;
-    internal readonly ComputationDevice MersenneDevice;
-    internal readonly ComputationDevice OrderDevice;
+    internal readonly bool UseMersenneOnGpu;
+    internal readonly bool UseOrderOnGpu;
     internal readonly int ScanBatchSize;
     internal readonly int SliceSize;
-    internal readonly ulong MaxKLimit;
-    internal readonly bool MaxKConfigured;
+    internal readonly ulong ResidueKMax;
     internal readonly string FilterFile;
     internal readonly bool ForcePrimeKernelsOnCpu;
     internal readonly ModReductionMode ModReductionMode;
@@ -54,57 +52,50 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
     internal readonly double ZeroFractionHard;
     internal readonly double ZeroFractionConjecture;
     internal readonly int MaxZeroConjecture;
-    internal readonly BigInteger MinK;
-    internal readonly int GpuRatio;
 
     private CliArguments(
-        ulong startPrime,
-        bool startPrimeProvided,
-        UInt128 maxPrimeLimit,
-        bool maxPrimeConfigured,
-        int threadCount,
-        int blockSize,
-        int gpuPrimeThreads,
-        int gpuPrimeBatch,
-        GpuKernelType kernelType,
-        bool useOrder,
-        bool showHelp,
-        bool useBitTransform,
-        bool useLucas,
-        bool useResidue,
-        bool useDivisor,
-        bool useByDivisor,
-        bool useGcdFilter,
-        ByDivisorKIncrementMode byDivisorKIncrementMode,
-        int byDivisorSpecialRange,
-        bool testMode,
-        bool useGpuCycles,
-        ComputationDevice mersenneDevice,
-        ComputationDevice orderDevice,
-        int scanBatchSize,
-        int sliceSize,
-        ulong maxKLimit,
-        bool maxKConfigured,
-        string filterFile,
-        bool forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu,
-        ModReductionMode modReductionMode,
-        NttBackend nttBackend,
-        string? resultsDirectory,
-        string? resultsPrefix,
-        int writeBatchSize,
-        string cyclesPath,
-        bool continueCyclesGeneration,
-        int cyclesBatchSize,
-        ulong divisorCyclesSearchLimit,
-        ulong? orderWarmupLimitOverride,
-        string? rleBlacklistPath,
-        ulong rleHardMaxP,
-        bool rleOnlyLast7,
-        double zeroFractionHard,
-        double zeroFractionConjecture,
-        int maxZeroConjecture,
-        BigInteger minK,
-        int gpuRatio)
+            ulong startPrime,
+            bool startPrimeProvided,
+            UInt128 maxPrimeLimit,
+            bool maxPrimeConfigured,
+            int threadCount,
+            int blockSize,
+            int gpuPrimeThreads,
+            int gpuPrimeBatch,
+            GpuKernelType kernelType,
+            bool useOrder,
+            bool showHelp,
+            bool useBitTransform,
+            bool useLucas,
+            bool useResidue,
+            bool useDivisor,
+            bool useByDivisor,
+            bool useGcdFilter,
+            bool testMode,
+            bool useGpuCycles,
+            bool useMersenneOnGpu,
+            bool useOrderOnGpu,
+            int scanBatchSize,
+            int sliceSize,
+            ulong residueKMax,
+            string filterFile,
+            bool forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu,
+            ModReductionMode modReductionMode,
+            NttBackend nttBackend,
+            string? resultsDirectory,
+            string? resultsPrefix,
+            int writeBatchSize,
+            string cyclesPath,
+            bool continueCyclesGeneration,
+            int cyclesBatchSize,
+            ulong divisorCyclesSearchLimit,
+            ulong? orderWarmupLimitOverride,
+            string? rleBlacklistPath,
+            ulong rleHardMaxP,
+            bool rleOnlyLast7,
+            double zeroFractionHard,
+            double zeroFractionConjecture,
+            int maxZeroConjecture)
     {
         StartPrime = startPrime;
         StartPrimeProvided = startPrimeProvided;
@@ -122,17 +113,14 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         UseResidue = useResidue;
         UseDivisor = useDivisor;
         UseByDivisor = useByDivisor;
-        ByDivisorKIncrementMode = byDivisorKIncrementMode;
-        ByDivisorSpecialRange = byDivisorSpecialRange;
         UseGcdFilter = useGcdFilter;
         TestMode = testMode;
         UseGpuCycles = useGpuCycles;
-        MersenneDevice = mersenneDevice;
-        OrderDevice = orderDevice;
+        UseMersenneOnGpu = useMersenneOnGpu;
+        UseOrderOnGpu = useOrderOnGpu;
         ScanBatchSize = scanBatchSize;
         SliceSize = sliceSize;
-        MaxKLimit = maxKLimit;
-        MaxKConfigured = maxKConfigured;
+        ResidueKMax = residueKMax;
         FilterFile = filterFile;
         ForcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu;
         ModReductionMode = modReductionMode;
@@ -151,8 +139,6 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         ZeroFractionHard = zeroFractionHard;
         ZeroFractionConjecture = zeroFractionConjecture;
         MaxZeroConjecture = maxZeroConjecture;
-        MinK = minK;
-        GpuRatio = gpuRatio;
     }
 
     internal bool UseFilter => !TestMode && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(FilterFile);
@@ -175,17 +161,14 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         bool useResidue = false;
         bool useDivisor = false;
         bool useByDivisor = false;
-        ByDivisorKIncrementMode byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Sequential;
-        int byDivisorSpecialRange = 0;
         bool useGcdFilter = false;
         bool testMode = false;
         bool useGpuCycles = true;
-        ComputationDevice mersenneDevice = ComputationDevice.Gpu;
-        ComputationDevice orderDevice = ComputationDevice.Gpu;
+        bool useMersenneOnGpu = true;
+        bool useOrderOnGpu = true;
         int scanBatchSize = 2_097_152;
         int sliceSize = 32;
-        ulong maxKLimit = 5_000_000UL;
-        bool maxKConfigured = false;
+        ulong residueKMax = 5_000_000UL;
         string filterFile = string.Empty;
         bool forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = false;
         ModReductionMode modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Auto;
@@ -204,8 +187,6 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         double zeroFractionHard = -1.0;
         double zeroFractionConjecture = -1.0;
         int maxZeroConjecture = -1;
-        BigInteger minK = BigInteger.One;
-        int gpuRatio = PerfectNumberConstants.GpuRatio;
 
         foreach (string argument in args)
         {
@@ -256,31 +237,12 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--gpu-ratio=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                gpuRatio = Math.Max(1, Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--gpu-ratio=".Length)));
-                continue;
-            }
-
             if (argument.StartsWith("--threads=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 threadCount = Math.Max(1, Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--threads=".Length)));
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.Equals("--use-order", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                useOrder = true;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--max-k=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                maxKLimit = Utf8CliParser.ParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--max-k=".Length));
-                maxKConfigured = true;
-                continue;
-            }
-
             if (argument.StartsWith("--mersenne=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--mersenne=".Length);
@@ -318,48 +280,51 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--bydivisor-k-increment=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--divisor-cycles-limit=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--bydivisor-k-increment=".Length);
-                if (value.Equals("pow2groups", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--divisor-cycles-limit=".Length), out ulong parsedLimit))
                 {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Pow2Groups;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("predictive", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Predictive;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("percentile", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Percentile;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("additive", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Additive;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("topdown", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.TopDown;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("bitcontradiction", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.BitContradiction;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("bittree", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.BitTree;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    byDivisorKIncrementMode = ByDivisorKIncrementMode.Sequential;
+                    divisorCyclesSearchLimit = parsedLimit;
                 }
 
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--bydivisor-special-range=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--residue-max-k=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                byDivisorSpecialRange = Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--bydivisor-special-range=".Length));
+                if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--residue-max-k=".Length), out ulong parsedResidueMax))
+                {
+                    residueKMax = parsedResidueMax;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--mersenne-device=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                useMersenneOnGpu = !argument.AsSpan("--mersenne-device=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.Equals("--test", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                testMode = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.Equals("--use-order", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                useOrder = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--order-warmup-limit=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--order-warmup-limit=".Length), out ulong parsedLimit))
+                {
+                    orderWarmupLimitOverride = parsedLimit;
+                }
+
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -369,36 +334,131 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.Equals("--test-mode", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--ntt=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                testMode = true;
+                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--ntt=".Length);
+                nttBackend = value.Equals("staged", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? NttBackend.Staged : NttBackend.Reference;
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--mersenne-device=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--mod-reduction=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                mersenneDevice = ParseDevice(argument.AsSpan("--mersenne-device=".Length));
+                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--mod-reduction=".Length);
+                if (value.Equals("mont64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Mont64;
+                }
+                else if (value.Equals("barrett128", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Barrett128;
+                }
+                else if (value.Equals("uint128", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.GpuUInt128;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Auto;
+                }
+
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--primes=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                argument.StartsWith("--gpu-kernels=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
-                argument.StartsWith("--accelerator=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--primes-device=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.Contains('=') ? argument.AsSpan(argument.IndexOf('=') + 1) : argument.AsSpan();
-                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = value.Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = argument.AsSpan("--primes-device=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (argument.StartsWith("--order-device=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                orderDevice = ParseDevice(argument.AsSpan("--order-device=".Length));
+                useOrderOnGpu = !argument.AsSpan("--order-device=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--gpu-prime-batch=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--rle-blacklist=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
-                gpuPrimeBatch = Math.Max(1, Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--gpu-prime-batch=".Length)));
+                rleBlacklistPath = argument["--rle-blacklist=".Length..];
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--rle-hard-max=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--rle-hard-max=".Length), out ulong parsedMax))
+                {
+                    rleHardMaxP = parsedMax;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--rle-only-last7=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--rle-only-last7=".Length);
+                rleOnlyLast7 = !value.Equals("false", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && !value.Equals("0", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--zero-hard=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseDouble(argument.AsSpan("--zero-hard=".Length), out double zeroFraction))
+                {
+                    zeroFractionHard = zeroFraction;
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--zero-conj=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--zero-conj=".Length);
+                int colon = value.IndexOf(':');
+                if (colon > 0)
+                {
+                    if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseDouble(value[..colon], out double zeroFrac) &&
+                        Utf8CliParser.TryParseInt32(value[(colon + 1)..], out int maxZero))
+                    {
+                        zeroFractionConjecture = zeroFrac;
+                        maxZeroConjecture = maxZero;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--lucas=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                useMersenneOnGpu = !argument.AsSpan("--lucas=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--primes=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = argument.AsSpan("--primes=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--gpu-kernels=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = argument.AsSpan("--gpu-kernels=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--accelerator=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu = argument.AsSpan("--accelerator=".Length).Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--results-dir=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                resultsDirectory = argument["--results-dir=".Length..];
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--results-prefix=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                resultsPrefix = argument["--results-prefix=".Length..];
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -408,6 +468,12 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (argument.StartsWith("--gpu-prime-batch=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                gpuPrimeBatch = Math.Max(1, Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--gpu-prime-batch=".Length)));
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (argument.StartsWith("--ll-slice=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 sliceSize = Math.Max(1, Utf8CliParser.ParseInt32(argument.AsSpan("--ll-slice=".Length)));
@@ -426,54 +492,6 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
                 continue;
             }
 
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--mod-reduction=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--mod-reduction=".Length);
-                if (value.Equals("uint128", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.GpuUInt128;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("mont64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Mont64;
-                }
-                else if (value.Equals("barrett128", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                {
-                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Barrett128;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    modReductionMode = ModReductionMode.Auto;
-                }
-
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--ntt=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                ReadOnlySpan<char> value = argument.AsSpan("--ntt=".Length);
-                nttBackend = value.Equals("staged", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? NttBackend.Staged : NttBackend.Reference;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--order-warmup-limit=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                orderWarmupLimitOverride = Utf8CliParser.ParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--order-warmup-limit=".Length));
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--divisor-cycles-limit=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                divisorCyclesSearchLimit = Utf8CliParser.ParseUInt64(argument.AsSpan("--divisor-cycles-limit=".Length));
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (argument.StartsWith("--min-k=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                minK = BigInteger.Parse(argument.AsSpan("--min-k=".Length), NumberStyles.None, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                continue;
-            }
-
             if (argument.StartsWith("--filter-p=", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 filterFile = argument["--filter-p=".Length..];
@@ -507,58 +525,52 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
             if (argument.Equals("--divisor-cycles-continue", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 continueCyclesGeneration = true;
-                continue;
             }
         }
 
         return new CliArguments(
-            startPrime,
-            startPrimeProvided,
-            maxPrimeLimit,
-            maxPrimeConfigured,
-            threadCount,
-            blockSize,
-            gpuPrimeThreads,
-            gpuPrimeBatch,
-            kernelType,
-            useOrder,
-            showHelp,
-            useBitTransform,
-            useLucas,
-            useResidue,
-            useDivisor,
-            useByDivisor,
-            useGcdFilter,
-            byDivisorKIncrementMode,
-            byDivisorSpecialRange,
-            testMode,
-            useGpuCycles,
-            mersenneDevice,
-            orderDevice,
-            scanBatchSize,
-            sliceSize,
-            maxKLimit,
-            maxKConfigured,
-            filterFile,
-            forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu,
-            modReductionMode,
-            nttBackend,
-            resultsDirectory,
-            resultsPrefix,
-            writeBatchSize,
-            cyclesPath,
-            continueCyclesGeneration,
-            cyclesBatchSize,
-            divisorCyclesSearchLimit,
-            orderWarmupLimitOverride,
-            rleBlacklistPath,
-            rleHardMaxP,
-            rleOnlyLast7,
-            zeroFractionHard,
-            zeroFractionConjecture,
-            maxZeroConjecture,
-            minK,
-            gpuRatio);
+                startPrime,
+                startPrimeProvided,
+                maxPrimeLimit,
+                maxPrimeConfigured,
+                threadCount,
+                blockSize,
+                gpuPrimeThreads,
+                gpuPrimeBatch,
+                kernelType,
+                useOrder,
+                showHelp,
+                useBitTransform,
+                useLucas,
+                useResidue,
+                useDivisor,
+                useByDivisor,
+                useGcdFilter,
+                testMode,
+                useGpuCycles,
+                useMersenneOnGpu,
+                useOrderOnGpu,
+                scanBatchSize,
+                sliceSize,
+                residueKMax,
+                filterFile,
+                forcePrimeKernelsOnCpu,
+                modReductionMode,
+                nttBackend,
+                resultsDirectory,
+                resultsPrefix,
+                writeBatchSize,
+                cyclesPath,
+                continueCyclesGeneration,
+                cyclesBatchSize,
+                divisorCyclesSearchLimit,
+                orderWarmupLimitOverride,
+                rleBlacklistPath,
+                rleHardMaxP,
+                rleOnlyLast7,
+                zeroFractionHard,
+                zeroFractionConjecture,
+                maxZeroConjecture);
     }
 
     internal static void PrintHelp()
@@ -566,25 +578,22 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         Console.WriteLine("Usage: EvenPerfectBitScanner [options]");
         Console.WriteLine();
         Console.WriteLine("Options:");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --block-size=<value>   values processed per thread batch");
         Console.WriteLine("  --prime=<value>        starting exponent (p)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --max-prime=<value>    inclusive upper bound for primes from filter files");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --increment=bit|add    exponent increment method (default add)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --increment=bit|add    exponent increment method");
         Console.WriteLine("  --threads=<value>      number of worker threads");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --block-size=<value>   values processed per thread batch");
         Console.WriteLine("  --mersenne=pow2mod|incremental|lucas|residue|divisor|bydivisor  Mersenne test method");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --bydivisor-k-increment=sequential|pow2groups|predictive|percentile|additive|topdown|bitcontradiction|bittree  k iteration strategy for --mersenne=bydivisor (default sequential)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --bydivisor-special-range=<n>  widen pow2groups special values to +/- n percent (default 0 = points)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --max-k=<value> max k for Mersenne tests (q = 2*p*k + 1), including --mersenne=bydivisor");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --mersenne-device=cpu|gpu|hybrid  Device for Mersenne method (default gpu)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --primes-device=cpu|gpu device for prime-scan kernels (default gpu)");
-        Console.WriteLine($"  --gpu-ratio=<n>          ratio of GPU operations vs CPU in hybrid device mode (default {PerfectNumberConstants.GpuRatio})");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-prime-threads=<value>  max concurrent GPU prime checks (default 1)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-prime-batch=<n>    batch size for GPU primality sieve (default 262144)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-scan-batch=<value>  GPU q-scan batch size (default 2_097_152)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --order-device=cpu|gpu|hybrid  Device for order computations (default gpu)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --ll-slice=<value>     Lucas–Lehmer iterations per slice (default 32)");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --mod-reduction=auto|uint128|mont64|barrett128  staged NTT reduction (default auto)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --residue-max-k=<value>  max k for residue Mersenne test (q = 2*p*k + 1)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --mersenne-device=cpu|gpu  Device for Mersenne method (default gpu)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --primes-device=cpu|gpu    Device for prime-scan kernels (default gpu)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-prime-batch=<n>      Batch size for GPU primality sieve (default 262144)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --order-device=cpu|gpu     Device for order computations (default gpu)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --ntt=reference|staged GPU NTT backend (default staged)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --mod-reduction=auto|uint128|mont64|barrett128  staged NTT reduction (default auto)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-prime-threads=<value>  max concurrent GPU prime checks (default 1)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --ll-slice=<value>     Lucas–Lehmer iterations per slice (default 32)");
+        Console.WriteLine("  --gpu-scan-batch=<value>  GPU q-scan batch size (default 2_097_152)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --order-warmup-limit=<value>  Warm-up order candidates (default 5_000_000)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --rle-blacklist=<path>  enable RLE blacklist for p (hard filter up to --rle-hard-max)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --rle-hard-max=<p>      apply RLE blacklist only for p <= this (default ulong.MaxValue = no limit)");
@@ -602,22 +611,6 @@ internal readonly struct CliArguments
         Console.WriteLine("  --filter-p=<path>      process only p from previous run results (required for --mersenne=bydivisor)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --write-batch-size=<value> overwrite frequency of disk writes (default 100 lines)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --gcd-filter           enable early sieve based on GCD");
-        Console.WriteLine("  --min-k=<value>        starting k for --mersenne=bydivisor divisor scan (default 1)");
         Console.WriteLine("  --help, -help, --?, -?, /?   show this help message");
     }
-
-    private static ComputationDevice ParseDevice(ReadOnlySpan<char> value)
-    {
-        if (value.Equals("cpu", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-        {
-            return ComputationDevice.Cpu;
-        }
-
-        if (value.Equals("hybrid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-        {
-            return ComputationDevice.Hybrid;
-        }
-
-        return ComputationDevice.Gpu;
-    }
 }

EvenPerfectBitScanner/EvenPerfectBitScanner.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
   <PropertyGroup>
     <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
@@ -13,17 +13,7 @@
     </AssemblyAttribute>
   </ItemGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.ML" Version="3.0.1" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.ML.FastTree" Version="3.0.1" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.ML.LightGbm" Version="3.0.1" />
     <PackageReference Include="Open.Numeric" Version="3.0.1" />
     <PackageReference Include="Open.Numeric.Primes" Version="4.0.4" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Plotly.NET" Version="3.0.1" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Spectre.Console" Version="0.54.1-alpha.0.37" />
   </ItemGroup>
-  <ItemGroup Label="MLModel1">
-    <None Include="MLModel1.mlnet">
-      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
-    </None>
-  </ItemGroup>
-</Project>
+</Project>

EvenPerfectBitScanner/IO/CalculationResultsFile.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Open.Collections;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+using EvenPerfectBitScanner;
 
 namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner.IO;
 
@@ -100,7 +101,6 @@ internal static class CalculationResultsFile
                 int first = 0;
                 int second = 0;
                 int third = 0;
-                int fourth = 0;
                 ulong parsedP = 0UL;
                 ReadOnlySpan<char> detailedSpan = default;
                 ReadOnlySpan<char> passedAllTestsSpan = default;
@@ -140,15 +140,8 @@ internal static class CalculationResultsFile
                                 continue;
                         }
 
-                        span = span[(third + 1)..];
-                        fourth = span.IndexOf(',');
-                        if (fourth < 0)
-                        {
-                                continue;
-                        }
-
-                        detailedSpan = span[..fourth];
-                        passedAllTestsSpan = span[(fourth + 1)..];
+                        detailedSpan = span[..third];
+                        passedAllTestsSpan = span[(third + 1)..];
 
                         if (Utf8CliParser.TryParseBoolean(detailedSpan, out detailed) && Utf8CliParser.TryParseBoolean(passedAllTestsSpan, out passedAllTests))
                         {

EvenPerfectBitScanner/MLModel1.consumption.cs

@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-// This file was auto-generated by ML.NET Model Builder.
-using Microsoft.ML;
-using Microsoft.ML.Data;
-using System;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner
-{
-    public partial class MLModel1
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// model input class for MLModel1.
-        /// </summary>
-        #region model input class
-        public class ModelInput
-        {
-            [LoadColumn(0)]
-            [ColumnName(@"p")]
-            public float P { get; set; }
-
-            [LoadColumn(1)]
-            [ColumnName(@"divisor")]
-            public float Divisor { get; set; }
-
-            [LoadColumn(2)]
-            [ColumnName(@"lastDigit")]
-            public float LastDigit { get; set; }
-
-            [LoadColumn(3)]
-            [ColumnName(@"k")]
-            public float K { get; set; }
-
-            [LoadColumn(4)]
-            [ColumnName(@"lastMersenneDigit")]
-            public float LastMersenneDigit { get; set; }
-
-            [LoadColumn(5)]
-            [ColumnName(@"isNextKHigher")]
-            public float IsNextKHigher { get; set; }
-
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// model output class for MLModel1.
-        /// </summary>
-        #region model output class
-        public class ModelOutput
-        {
-            [ColumnName(@"p")]
-            public float P { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"divisor")]
-            public float Divisor { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"lastDigit")]
-            public float LastDigit { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"k")]
-            public float K { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"lastMersenneDigit")]
-            public float LastMersenneDigit { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"isNextKHigher")]
-            public float IsNextKHigher { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"Features")]
-            public float[] Features { get; set; }
-
-            [ColumnName(@"Score")]
-            public float Score { get; set; }
-
-        }
-
-        #endregion
-
-        private static string MLNetModelPath = Path.GetFullPath("MLModel1.mlnet");
-
-        public static readonly Lazy<PredictionEngine<ModelInput, ModelOutput>> PredictEngine = new Lazy<PredictionEngine<ModelInput, ModelOutput>>(() => CreatePredictEngine(), true);
-
-
-        private static PredictionEngine<ModelInput, ModelOutput> CreatePredictEngine()
-        {
-            var mlContext = new MLContext();
-            ITransformer mlModel = mlContext.Model.Load(MLNetModelPath, out var _);
-            return mlContext.Model.CreatePredictionEngine<ModelInput, ModelOutput>(mlModel);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Use this method to predict on <see cref="ModelInput"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="input">model input.</param>
-        /// <returns><seealso cref=" ModelOutput"/></returns>
-        public static ModelOutput Predict(ModelInput input)
-        {
-            var predEngine = PredictEngine.Value;
-            return predEngine.Predict(input);
-        }
-    }
-}

EvenPerfectBitScanner/MLModel1.evaluate.cs

@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-// This file was auto-generated by ML.NET Model Builder.
-
-using Microsoft.ML.Data;
-using Microsoft.ML;
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using Plotly.NET;
-using Plotly.NET.LayoutObjects;
-
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner
-{
-    public partial class MLModel1
-    {
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Permutation feature importance (PFI) is a technique to determine the importance 
-        /// of features in a trained machine learning model. PFI works by taking a labeled dataset, 
-        /// choosing a feature, and permuting the values for that feature across all the examples, 
-        /// so that each example now has a random value for the feature and the original values for all other features.
-        /// The evaluation metric (e.g. R-squared) is then calculated for this modified dataset, 
-        /// and the change in the evaluation metric from the original dataset is computed. 
-        /// The larger the change in the evaluation metric, the more important the feature is to the model.
-        /// 
-        /// PFI typically takes a long time to compute, as the evaluation metric is calculated 
-        /// many times to determine the importance of each feature. 
-        /// 
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="mlContext">The common context for all ML.NET operations.</param>
-        /// <param name="trainData">IDataView used to evaluate the model.</param>
-        /// <param name="model">Model to evaluate.</param>
-        /// <param name="labelColumnName">Label column being predicted.</param>
-        /// <returns>A list of each feature and its importance.</returns>
-        public static List<Tuple<string, double>> CalculatePFI(MLContext mlContext, IDataView trainData, ITransformer model, string labelColumnName)
-        {
-            var preprocessedTrainData = model.Transform(trainData);
-
-            var permutationFeatureImportance =
-         mlContext.Regression
-         .PermutationFeatureImportance(
-                 model,
-                 preprocessedTrainData,
-                 labelColumnName: labelColumnName);
-
-            var featureImportanceMetrics =
-                 permutationFeatureImportance
-                 .Select((kvp) => new { kvp.Key, kvp.Value.RSquared })
-                 .OrderByDescending(myFeatures => Math.Abs(myFeatures.RSquared.Mean));
-
-            var featurePFI = new List<Tuple<string, double>>();
-            foreach (var feature in featureImportanceMetrics)
-            {
-                var pfiValue = Math.Abs(feature.RSquared.Mean);
-                featurePFI.Add(new Tuple<string, double>(feature.Key, pfiValue));
-            }
-
-            return featurePFI;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// R Squared is a measure of variation between the values predicted by the model and the true values. 
-        /// In a "perfect" model, there would be no variation between predictions and true values. 
-        /// 
-        /// Here we will plot the predicted values vs the true values for the trained model. This RegressionChart.html 
-        /// is then saved to the location specified by <param name="folderPath"></param>. 
-        /// 
-        /// See more information on R Squared at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination. 
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="trainData">IDataView used to train the model.</param>
-        /// <param name="model">Model used for predictions.</param>
-        /// <param name="labelColumnName">Name of the predicted label column.</param>
-        /// <param name="folderPath">Folder path to save the RegressionChart.html file into.</param>
-        public static void PlotRSquaredValues(IDataView trainData, ITransformer model, string labelColumnName, string folderPath)
-        {
-            // Number of rows to display in charts.
-            int numberOfRows = 1000;
-            // Use the model to make batch predictions on training data
-            var testResults = model.Transform(trainData);
-
-            // Get the actual values from the dataset
-            var trueValues = testResults.GetColumn<float>(labelColumnName).Take(numberOfRows); ;
-
-            // Get the predicted values from the test results
-            var predictedValues = testResults.GetColumn<float>("Score").Take(numberOfRows);
-
-            // Setup what the graph looks like
-            var title = Title.init(Text: "R-Squared Plot");
-            var layout = Layout.init<IConvertible>(Title: title, PlotBGColor: Plotly.NET.Color.fromString("#e5ecf6"));
-            var xAxis = LinearAxis.init<IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible>(
-                    Title: Title.init("True Values"),
-                    ZeroLineColor: Plotly.NET.Color.fromString("#ffff"),
-                    GridColor: Plotly.NET.Color.fromString("#ffff"),
-                    ZeroLineWidth: 2);
-            var yAxis = LinearAxis.init<IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible, IConvertible>(
-                    Title: Title.init("Predicted Values"),
-                    ZeroLineColor: Plotly.NET.Color.fromString("#ffff"),
-                    GridColor: Plotly.NET.Color.fromString("#ffff"),
-                    ZeroLineWidth: 2);
-
-            // We will plot the line that shows the perfect result. Setup that line here.
-            var maximumValue = Math.Max(trueValues.Max(), predictedValues.Max());
-            var perfectX = new[] { 0, maximumValue };
-            var perfectY = new[] { 0, maximumValue };
-
-
-
-            // Create the scatterplot that shows the true values vs the predicted values
-            var trueAndPredictedValues = Chart2D.Chart.Scatter<float, float, string>(x: trueValues, y: predictedValues, mode: StyleParam.Mode.Markers)
-                            .WithLayout(layout)
-                            .WithXAxis(xAxis)
-                            .WithYAxis(yAxis);
-
-            // Setup the line that shows what a perfect prediction would look like
-            var perfectLineGraph = Chart2D.Chart.Line<float, float, string>(x: perfectX, y: perfectY)
-                            .WithLayout(layout)
-                            .WithLine(Line.init(Width: 1.5));
-
-            var chartWithValuesAndIdealLine = Chart.Combine(new[] { trueAndPredictedValues, perfectLineGraph });
-            var chartFilePath = folderPath + "\\RegressionChart.html";
-
-            chartWithValuesAndIdealLine.SaveHtml(chartFilePath);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-

EvenPerfectBitScanner/MLModel1.mbconfig

@@ -1,337 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "Scenario": "Regression",
-  "DataSource": {
-    "Version": 3,
-    "EscapeCharacter": "\"",
-    "ReadMultiLines": false,
-    "KeepDiacritics": false,
-    "KeepPunctuations": false,
-    "AllowQuoting": false,
-    "Type": "TabularFile",
-    "FilePath": "C:\\Users\\marek\\source\\repos\\even-perfect-numbers-scanner\\BuildDivisorTransitions\\bin\\Release\\net8.0\\NextKForecastTraning.csv",
-    "Delimiter": ",",
-    "DecimalMarker": ".",
-    "HasHeader": true,
-    "ColumnProperties": [
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "p",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Feature",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": false,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      },
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "divisor",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Feature",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": false,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      },
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "lastDigit",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Feature",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": true,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      },
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "k",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Feature",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": false,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      },
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "lastMersenneDigit",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Feature",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": true,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      },
-      {
-        "ColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-        "ColumnPurpose": "Label",
-        "ColumnDataFormat": "Single",
-        "IsCategorical": true,
-        "Type": "Column",
-        "Version": 5
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  "Environment": {
-    "Type": "LocalCPU",
-    "Version": 1
-  },
-  "RunHistory": {
-    "Version": 3,
-    "Type": "Result",
-    "Trials": [
-      {
-        "Version": 1,
-        "Type": "Trial",
-        "TrainerName": "FastTreeRegression",
-        "Score": 0.30006118613190746,
-        "RuntimeInSeconds": 1.489,
-        "Parameter": {
-          "_SCHEMA_": "e0 * e1 * e2",
-          "e0": {
-            "OutputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ]
-          },
-          "e1": {
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "OutputColumnName": "Features"
-          },
-          "e2": {
-            "NumberOfLeaves": 4,
-            "MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf": 9,
-            "NumberOfTrees": 8,
-            "MaximumBinCountPerFeature": 317,
-            "FeatureFraction": 0.98434331463123226,
-            "LearningRate": 0.3857390791447961,
-            "LabelColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-            "FeatureColumnName": "Features",
-            "DiskTranspose": false
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "Version": 1,
-        "Type": "Trial",
-        "TrainerName": "FastTreeRegression",
-        "Score": 0.299969238277351,
-        "RuntimeInSeconds": 1.496,
-        "Parameter": {
-          "_SCHEMA_": "e0 * e1 * e2",
-          "e0": {
-            "OutputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ]
-          },
-          "e1": {
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "OutputColumnName": "Features"
-          },
-          "e2": {
-            "NumberOfLeaves": 4,
-            "MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf": 9,
-            "NumberOfTrees": 8,
-            "MaximumBinCountPerFeature": 317,
-            "FeatureFraction": 0.98444606904931908,
-            "LearningRate": 0.38567641892007121,
-            "LabelColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-            "FeatureColumnName": "Features",
-            "DiskTranspose": false
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "Version": 1,
-        "Type": "Trial",
-        "TrainerName": "FastTreeRegression",
-        "Score": 0.29992424440705012,
-        "RuntimeInSeconds": 0.993,
-        "Parameter": {
-          "_SCHEMA_": "e0 * e1 * e2",
-          "e0": {
-            "OutputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ]
-          },
-          "e1": {
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "OutputColumnName": "Features"
-          },
-          "e2": {
-            "NumberOfLeaves": 4,
-            "MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf": 9,
-            "NumberOfTrees": 8,
-            "MaximumBinCountPerFeature": 317,
-            "FeatureFraction": 0.98445819026817927,
-            "LearningRate": 0.38613186537816252,
-            "LabelColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-            "FeatureColumnName": "Features",
-            "DiskTranspose": false
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "Version": 1,
-        "Type": "Trial",
-        "TrainerName": "FastTreeRegression",
-        "Score": 0.29992046748552242,
-        "RuntimeInSeconds": 1.389,
-        "Parameter": {
-          "_SCHEMA_": "e0 * e1 * e2",
-          "e0": {
-            "OutputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ]
-          },
-          "e1": {
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "OutputColumnName": "Features"
-          },
-          "e2": {
-            "NumberOfLeaves": 4,
-            "MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf": 9,
-            "NumberOfTrees": 8,
-            "MaximumBinCountPerFeature": 317,
-            "FeatureFraction": 0.984395476164661,
-            "LearningRate": 0.3858463322510558,
-            "LabelColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-            "FeatureColumnName": "Features",
-            "DiskTranspose": false
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      {
-        "Version": 1,
-        "Type": "Trial",
-        "TrainerName": "FastTreeRegression",
-        "Score": 0.29984566377505206,
-        "RuntimeInSeconds": 1.512,
-        "Parameter": {
-          "_SCHEMA_": "e0 * e1 * e2",
-          "e0": {
-            "OutputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ]
-          },
-          "e1": {
-            "InputColumnNames": [
-              "p",
-              "divisor",
-              "lastDigit",
-              "k",
-              "lastMersenneDigit"
-            ],
-            "OutputColumnName": "Features"
-          },
-          "e2": {
-            "NumberOfLeaves": 4,
-            "MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf": 8,
-            "NumberOfTrees": 8,
-            "MaximumBinCountPerFeature": 317,
-            "FeatureFraction": 0.98439134546037266,
-            "LearningRate": 0.38521733136295422,
-            "LabelColumnName": "isNextKHigher",
-            "FeatureColumnName": "Features",
-            "DiskTranspose": false
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    ],
-    "Estimators": {
-      "e0": "ReplaceMissingValues",
-      "e1": "Concatenate",
-      "e2": "FastTreeRegression",
-      "e3": "FastForestRegression",
-      "e4": "LightGbmRegression",
-      "e5": "LbfgsPoissonRegressionRegression",
-      "e6": "SdcaRegression"
-    },
-    "Schema": "e0 * e1 * (e2 + e3 + e4 + e5 + e6)",
-    "MetricName": "RSquared",
-    "ModelFilePath": "C:\\Users\\marek\\source\\repos\\even-perfect-numbers-scanner\\EvenPerfectBitScanner\\MLModel1.mlnet"
-  },
-  "Type": "TrainingConfig",
-  "Version": 5,
-  "TrainingOption": {
-    "Version": 2,
-    "Subsampling": false,
-    "Type": "RegressionTrainingOption",
-    "TrainingTime": 3600,
-    "LabelColumn": "isNextKHigher",
-    "ValidationOption": {
-      "Version": 0,
-      "Type": "CrossValidationValidationOption",
-      "NumberOfFolds": 10
-    }
-  }
-}

EvenPerfectBitScanner/MLModel1.training.cs

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-// This file was auto-generated by ML.NET Model Builder.
-using System;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Text;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
-using Microsoft.ML;
-using Microsoft.ML.Data;
-using Microsoft.ML.Trainers;
-using Microsoft.ML.Trainers.FastTree;
-
-namespace EvenPerfectBitScanner
-{
-    public partial class MLModel1
-    {
-        public const string RetrainFilePath =  @"C:\Users\marek\source\repos\even-perfect-numbers-scanner\BuildDivisorTransitions\bin\Release\net8.0\NextKForecastTraning.csv";
-        public const char RetrainSeparatorChar = ',';
-        public const bool RetrainHasHeader =  true;
-        public const bool RetrainAllowQuoting =  false;
-
-         /// <summary>
-        /// Train a new model with the provided dataset.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="outputModelPath">File path for saving the model. Should be similar to "C:\YourPath\ModelName.mlnet"</param>
-        /// <param name="inputDataFilePath">Path to the data file for training.</param>
-        /// <param name="separatorChar">Separator character for delimited training file.</param>
-        /// <param name="hasHeader">Boolean if training file has a header.</param>
-        public static void Train(string outputModelPath, string inputDataFilePath = RetrainFilePath, char separatorChar = RetrainSeparatorChar, bool hasHeader = RetrainHasHeader, bool allowQuoting = RetrainAllowQuoting)
-        {
-            var mlContext = new MLContext();
-
-            var data = LoadIDataViewFromFile(mlContext, inputDataFilePath, separatorChar, hasHeader, allowQuoting);
-            var model = RetrainModel(mlContext, data);
-            SaveModel(mlContext, model, data, outputModelPath);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Load an IDataView from a file path.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="mlContext">The common context for all ML.NET operations.</param>
-        /// <param name="inputDataFilePath">Path to the data file for training.</param>
-        /// <param name="separatorChar">Separator character for delimited training file.</param>
-        /// <param name="hasHeader">Boolean if training file has a header.</param>
-        /// <returns>IDataView with loaded training data.</returns>
-        public static IDataView LoadIDataViewFromFile(MLContext mlContext, string inputDataFilePath, char separatorChar, bool hasHeader, bool allowQuoting)
-        {
-            return mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<ModelInput>(inputDataFilePath, separatorChar, hasHeader, allowQuoting: allowQuoting);
-        }
-
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Save a model at the specified path.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="mlContext">The common context for all ML.NET operations.</param>
-        /// <param name="model">Model to save.</param>
-        /// <param name="data">IDataView used to train the model.</param>
-        /// <param name="modelSavePath">File path for saving the model. Should be similar to "C:\YourPath\ModelName.mlnet.</param>
-        public static void SaveModel(MLContext mlContext, ITransformer model, IDataView data, string modelSavePath)
-        {
-            // Pull the data schema from the IDataView used for training the model
-            DataViewSchema dataViewSchema = data.Schema;
-
-            using (var fs = File.Create(modelSavePath))
-            {
-                mlContext.Model.Save(model, dataViewSchema, fs);
-            }
-        }
-
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Retrain model using the pipeline generated as part of the training process.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="mlContext"></param>
-        /// <param name="trainData"></param>
-        /// <returns></returns>
-        public static ITransformer RetrainModel(MLContext mlContext, IDataView trainData)
-        {
-            var pipeline = BuildPipeline(mlContext);
-            var model = pipeline.Fit(trainData);
-
-            return model;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// build the pipeline that is used from model builder. Use this function to retrain model.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="mlContext"></param>
-        /// <returns></returns>
-        public static IEstimator<ITransformer> BuildPipeline(MLContext mlContext)
-        {
-            // Data process configuration with pipeline data transformations
-            var pipeline = mlContext.Transforms.ReplaceMissingValues(new []{new InputOutputColumnPair(@"p", @"p"),new InputOutputColumnPair(@"divisor", @"divisor"),new InputOutputColumnPair(@"lastDigit", @"lastDigit"),new InputOutputColumnPair(@"k", @"k"),new InputOutputColumnPair(@"lastMersenneDigit", @"lastMersenneDigit")})      
-                                    .Append(mlContext.Transforms.Concatenate(@"Features", new []{@"p",@"divisor",@"lastDigit",@"k",@"lastMersenneDigit"}))      
-                                    .Append(mlContext.Regression.Trainers.FastTree(new FastTreeRegressionTrainer.Options(){NumberOfLeaves=4,MinimumExampleCountPerLeaf=9,NumberOfTrees=8,MaximumBinCountPerFeature=317,FeatureFraction=0.9843433146312323,LearningRate=0.3857390791447961,LabelColumnName=@"isNextKHigher",FeatureColumnName=@"Features",DiskTranspose=false}));
-
-            return pipeline;
-        }
-    }
- }

EvenPerfectBitScanner/Utf8CliParser.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Text;
 using System.Text;
@@ -29,26 +30,11 @@ internal static class Utf8CliParser
         return result;
     }
 
-    public static uint ParseUInt32(ReadOnlySpan<char> value)
-    {
-        if (!TryParseUInt32(value, out uint result))
-        {
-            ThrowFormatException(value);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
     public static bool TryParseUInt64(ReadOnlySpan<char> value, out ulong result)
     {
         return TryParse(value, static (ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, out ulong parsed, out int consumed) => Utf8Parser.TryParse(source, out parsed, out consumed), out result);
     }
 
-    public static bool TryParseUInt32(ReadOnlySpan<char> value, out uint result)
-    {
-        return TryParse(value, static (ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, out uint parsed, out int consumed) => Utf8Parser.TryParse(source, out parsed, out consumed), out result);
-    }
-
     public static bool TryParseInt32(ReadOnlySpan<char> value, out int result)
     {
         return TryParse(value, static (ReadOnlySpan<byte> source, out int parsed, out int consumed) => Utf8Parser.TryParse(source, out parsed, out consumed), out result);

EvenPerfectScanner.sln

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
-Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
+Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 12.00
 # Visual Studio Version 17
 VisualStudioVersion = 17.0.31903.59
 MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
@@ -15,132 +14,38 @@ Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "EvenPerfectBitScanner.Resul
 EndProject
 Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks", "EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks\EvenPerfectBitScanner.Benchmarks.csproj", "{83551FCC-41FA-4162-B541-AFCB5666A29F}"
 EndProject
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "BuildDivisorTransitions", "BuildDivisorTransitions\BuildDivisorTransitions.csproj", "{0A936837-5082-4C0B-AC3B-840AD2E11057}"
-EndProject
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "DeviceDependentGenerator", "DeviceDependentGenerator\DeviceDependentGenerator.csproj", "{E900CE3B-0DA4-4D7A-B825-851D6227ED67}"
-EndProject
-Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests", "DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests\DeviceDependentGenerator.Tests.csproj", "{2C632996-9606-4CB5-B046-38AB91D6F6DC}"
-EndProject
 Global
 	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
 		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
-		Debug|x64 = Debug|x64
-		Debug|x86 = Debug|x86
 		Release|Any CPU = Release|Any CPU
-		Release|x64 = Release|x64
-		Release|x86 = Release|x86
-	EndGlobalSection
-	GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FFD557C9-12AE-4D8D-A21A-44CEE197BFB6}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|x64.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|x86.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Debug|x86.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|x64.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|x64.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|x86.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
-		{FA4063F7-CB3C-4A66-BE70-4C6535D90197}.Release|x86.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
-		{553D1735-214B-4097-B647-D73DB2CB9ADA}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
-		{553D1735-214B-4097-B647-D73DB2CB9ADA}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
-		{553D1735-214B-4097-B647-D73DB2CB9ADA}.Debug|x64.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
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 		HideSolutionNode = FALSE
 	EndGlobalSection
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 EndGlobal

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/BitContradictionIntegrationTests.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.ByDivisor;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-public class BitContradictionIntegrationTests
-{
-    // 2^11 - 1 = 2047 = 23 * 89
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitContradictionAcceptsKnownDivisorWithDecision()
-    {
-        BigInteger divisor = 23;
-        ulong p = 11;
-        bool decided = Invoke(divisor, p, out bool divides);
-        decided.Should().BeTrue("small p should be decided exactly");
-        divides.Should().BeTrue();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitContradictionRejectsEvenDivisorQuickly()
-    {
-        BigInteger divisor = 24;
-        ulong p = 11;
-        bool decided = Invoke(divisor, p, out bool divides);
-        decided.Should().BeTrue();
-        divides.Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitContradictionRejectsTooLongDivisor()
-    {
-        // q bit length >= p => impossible
-        BigInteger divisor = (BigInteger.One << 15) + 1;
-        ulong p = 11;
-        bool decided = Invoke(divisor, p, out bool divides);
-        decided.Should().BeTrue();
-        divides.Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitContradictionAcceptsKnownLargeDivisor()
-    {
-        BigInteger divisor = BigInteger.Parse("1209708008767");
-        ulong p = 138000001;
-        bool decided = Invoke(divisor, p, out bool divides);
-        decided.Should().BeTrue();
-        divides.Should().BeTrue();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitContradictionRejectsNonDivisorWithDecision()
-    {
-        // 2^11 - 1 is not divisible by 45 (k=2, q=22*2+1).
-        BigInteger divisor = 45;
-        ulong p = 11;
-        bool decided = Invoke(divisor, p, out bool divides);
-        decided.Should().BeTrue("small p should be decided exactly");
-        divides.Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    private static bool Invoke(BigInteger divisor, ulong p, out bool divides)
-    {
-        int bitLen = GetBitLength(divisor);
-        Span<int> offsets = stackalloc int[bitLen];
-        int count = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < bitLen; i++)
-        {
-            if (((divisor >> i) & BigInteger.One) == BigInteger.One)
-            {
-                offsets[count++] = i;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return BitContradictionSolverWithAMultiplier.TryCheckDivisibilityFromOneOffsets(offsets[..count], p, out divides);
-    }
-
-    private static int GetBitLength(BigInteger value)
-    {
-        if (value.IsZero)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        return (int)Math.Floor(BigInteger.Log(value, 2.0)) + 1;
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/BitContradictionKernelsTests.cs

@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Numerics;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Kernels;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-public class BitContradictionKernelsTests
-{
-    [Theory]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    [InlineData(31UL, 0UL, 0)]
-    [InlineData(31UL, 0UL, 5)]
-    [InlineData(61UL, 7UL, 3)]
-    [InlineData(36721UL, 1UL, 0)]
-    public void TryBuildQWordsFromBatchIndex_matches_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong batchIndex, int batchOffset)
-    {
-        int wordCount = BitContradictionKernels.MaxQWordCount;
-        ulong[] batchIndexWords = new ulong[wordCount];
-        batchIndexWords[0] = batchIndex;
-
-        ulong[] qWords = new ulong[wordCount];
-        bool ok = BitContradictionKernels.TryBuildQWordsFromBatchIndex(
-            exponent,
-            batchIndexWords,
-            wordCount,
-            batchOffset,
-            qWords,
-            out int qBitLen);
-
-        ok.Should().BeTrue();
-
-        BigInteger expectedK = ((BigInteger)batchIndex * BitContradictionKernels.BatchCount) + BigInteger.One + batchOffset;
-        BigInteger expectedQ = (expectedK * (exponent << 1)) + BigInteger.One;
-        BigInteger actualQ = ReadBigIntegerFromWords(qWords);
-
-        actualQ.Should().Be(expectedQ);
-        qBitLen.Should().Be(GetBitLength(expectedQ));
-    }
-
-    private static BigInteger ReadBigIntegerFromWords(ReadOnlySpan<ulong> words)
-    {
-        byte[] bytes = new byte[words.Length * sizeof(ulong)];
-        for (int w = 0; w < words.Length; w++)
-        {
-            ulong word = words[w];
-            int byteIndex = w << 3;
-            bytes[byteIndex] = (byte)word;
-            bytes[byteIndex + 1] = (byte)(word >> 8);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 2] = (byte)(word >> 16);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 3] = (byte)(word >> 24);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 4] = (byte)(word >> 32);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 5] = (byte)(word >> 40);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 6] = (byte)(word >> 48);
-            bytes[byteIndex + 7] = (byte)(word >> 56);
-        }
-
-        return new BigInteger(bytes, isUnsigned: true, isBigEndian: false);
-    }
-
-    private static int GetBitLength(BigInteger value)
-    {
-        if (value.IsZero)
-        {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        byte[] bytes = value.ToByteArray(isUnsigned: true, isBigEndian: false);
-        int last = bytes[^1];
-        int bits = (bytes.Length - 1) * 8;
-        while (last != 0)
-        {
-            bits++;
-            last >>= 1;
-        }
-
-        return bits;
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/BitContradictionSolverTests.cs

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.ByDivisor;
-using Xunit;
-using static PerfectNumbers.Core.ByDivisor.BitContradictionSolverWithAMultiplier;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-public class BitContradictionSolverTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void ComputeColumnBounds_TracksForcedAndPossibleOnes()
-    {
-        bool[] a = [true, false];
-        bool[] q = [true, true];
-
-        ColumnBounds bounds = ComputeColumnBounds(a, q, 1);
-
-        bounds.ForcedOnes.Should().Be(1);
-        bounds.PossibleOnes.Should().Be(2);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void TryPropagateCarry_FailsWhenParityUnreachable()
-    {
-        CarryRange carry = CarryRange.Single(0);
-        bool success = TryPropagateCarry(
-            currentCarry: ref carry,
-            forcedOnes: 0,
-            possibleOnes: 0,
-            requiredResultBit: 1);
-
-        success.Should().BeFalse();
-        carry.Min.Should().Be(0);
-        carry.Max.Should().Be(0);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ShouldPruneWithFinalPow2Shift_ReturnsTrue_WhenShiftedResidueStaysBelowModulusAndResidueIsNotOne()
-    {
-        bool shouldPrune = ShouldPruneWithFinalPow2Shift(
-            prefixResidue: new BigInteger(3),
-            modulus: new BigInteger(1000),
-            tailShift: 8);
-
-        shouldPrune.Should().BeTrue();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ShouldPruneWithFinalPow2Shift_ReturnsFalse_WhenResidueIsOne()
-    {
-        bool shouldPrune = ShouldPruneWithFinalPow2Shift(
-            prefixResidue: BigInteger.One,
-            modulus: new BigInteger(1000),
-            tailShift: 8);
-
-        shouldPrune.Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void TryPropagateCarry_ComputesNextCarryRange()
-    {
-        CarryRange carry = new(0, 1);
-        bool success = TryPropagateCarry(
-            currentCarry: ref carry,
-            forcedOnes: 1,
-            possibleOnes: 3,
-            requiredResultBit: 1);
-
-        success.Should().BeTrue();
-        carry.Min.Should().Be(0);
-        carry.Max.Should().Be(1);
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/BitTreeSolverTests.cs

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-public class BitTreeSolverTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitTree_FindsKnownDivisor()
-    {
-        // 2^11-1 = 2047 = 23 * 89, so k=1 yields divisor 23.
-        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithForBitTreeDivisorSetForCpuOrder
-        {
-            DivisorLimit = new BigInteger(1000),
-            MinK = BigInteger.One,
-        };
-
-        bool isPrime = tester.IsPrime(11, out bool exhausted, out BigInteger divisor);
-
-        isPrime.Should().BeFalse();
-        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-        divisor.Should().Be(23);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BitTree_ReportsPrimeWhenNoDivisorFound()
-    {
-        // 2^5-1 = 31 is prime.
-        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithForBitTreeDivisorSetForCpuOrder
-        {
-            DivisorLimit = new BigInteger(10_000),
-            MinK = BigInteger.One,
-        };
-
-        bool isPrime = tester.IsPrime(5, out bool exhausted, out BigInteger divisor);
-
-        isPrime.Should().BeTrue();
-        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-        divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/ByDivisorClassModelTests.cs

@@ -1,213 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Linq;
-using System.Numerics;
-using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.ByDivisor;
-using Xunit;
-using System.Text.Json;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-public sealed class ByDivisorClassModelTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    public void LoadOrBuild_builds_model_from_results_file()
-    {
-        string tempPath = Path.GetTempFileName();
-        try
-        {
-            File.WriteAllLines(
-                tempPath,
-                new[]
-                {
-                    "p,divisor,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests",
-                    "5,31,true,true,false",
-                    "5,0,true,true,true",
-                    "13,8191,true,true,false",
-                });
-
-            string modelPath = tempPath + ".model";
-            ByDivisorScanTuning tuning = new()
-            {
-                CheapLimit = 32,
-            };
-
-            ByDivisorClassModel model = ByDivisorClassModelLoader.LoadOrBuild(modelPath, tempPath, tuning, tuning.CheapLimit);
-
-            ByDivisorClassEntry classFive = model.Entries[5];
-            classFive.K50.Should().Be(3d);
-            classFive.K75.Should().Be(3d);
-            classFive.GapProbability.Should().BeApproximately(0.5d, 1e-12);
-            classFive.SampleCount.Should().Be(2);
-            classFive.GapCount.Should().Be(1);
-
-            ByDivisorClassEntry classThirteen = model.Entries[13];
-            classThirteen.K50.Should().Be(315d);
-            classThirteen.K75.Should().Be(315d);
-            classThirteen.GapProbability.Should().Be(0d);
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            TryDelete(tempPath);
-            TryDelete(tempPath + ".model");
-        }
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BuildPlan_uses_aggressive_tuning_for_hard_class()
-    {
-        var model = new ByDivisorClassModel
-        {
-            CheapLimit = 50,
-        };
-        model.Entries[0] = new ByDivisorClassEntry
-        {
-            K50 = 1000d,
-            K75 = 2000d,
-            GapProbability = 0.8d,
-            Stability = "escaping",
-        };
-
-        ByDivisorScanTuning tuning = new()
-        {
-            CheapLimit = 50,
-            Gamma50 = 0.8d,
-            Gamma75 = 1.2d,
-            AggressiveGamma50 = 1.0d,
-            AggressiveGamma75 = 1.4d,
-            Rho1 = 1.35d,
-            Rho2 = 1.6d,
-            AggressiveRho2 = 1.8d,
-            HardGapThreshold = 0.75d,
-        };
-
-        ByDivisorScanPlan plan = model.BuildPlan(2UL, BigInteger.Zero, tuning);
-
-        plan.CheapLimit.Should().Be(50d);
-        plan.Start.Should().Be(1000d);
-        plan.Target.Should().Be(2800d);
-        plan.Rho1.Should().Be(1.35d);
-        plan.Rho2.Should().Be(1.8d);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BuildPlan_exposes_percentiles_and_additive_delta()
-    {
-        var model = new ByDivisorClassModel
-        {
-            CheapLimit = 10_000,
-        };
-        var entries = new ByDivisorClassEntry[1024];
-        entries[0] = new ByDivisorClassEntry
-        {
-            K10 = 10d,
-            K25 = 20d,
-            K50 = 30d,
-            K75 = 40d,
-            GapProbability = 0.1d,
-            Stability = "stable",
-        };
-        model.Entries = entries;
-
-        ByDivisorScanTuning tuning = ByDivisorScanTuning.Default;
-
-        ByDivisorScanPlan plan = model.BuildPlan(0UL, BigInteger.Zero, tuning);
-
-        plan.K10.Should().Be(10d);
-        plan.K25.Should().Be(20d);
-        plan.K50.Should().Be(30d);
-        plan.K75.Should().Be(40d);
-        plan.Start.Should().Be(24d); // ceil(0.8 * 30)
-        plan.Target.Should().Be(48d); // ceil(1.2 * 40)
-        plan.DeltaK.Should().Be(4d); // ceil(24 * 0.15)
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void BuildPlan_clamps_all_ranges_to_allowed_max()
-    {
-        var model = new ByDivisorClassModel
-        {
-            CheapLimit = 1000d,
-        };
-        var entries = new ByDivisorClassEntry[1024];
-        entries[0] = new ByDivisorClassEntry
-        {
-            K10 = 50d,
-            K25 = 60d,
-            K50 = 70d,
-            K75 = 80d,
-            GapProbability = 0.1d,
-        };
-        model.Entries = entries;
-
-        ByDivisorScanTuning tuning = ByDivisorScanTuning.Default;
-        // allowedMax = 41 => maxKAllowed = (41-1)/(2*5) = 4
-        ByDivisorScanPlan plan = model.BuildPlan(5UL, new BigInteger(41), tuning);
-
-        plan.CheapLimit.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.K10.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.K25.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.K50.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.K75.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.Start.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.Target.Should().Be(4d);
-        plan.DeltaK.Should().Be(4d);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    public void LoadOrBuild_rebuilds_when_results_newer_than_model()
-    {
-        string tempResults = Path.GetTempFileName();
-        string tempModel = tempResults + ".model";
-        try
-        {
-            File.WriteAllLines(
-                tempResults,
-                new[]
-                {
-                    "p,divisor,searchedMersenne,detailedCheck,passedAllTests",
-                    "5,31,true,true,false",
-                });
-
-            // Write a stale model
-            var staleModel = new ByDivisorClassModel
-            {
-                CheapLimit = 10,
-            };
-            File.WriteAllText(tempModel, JsonSerializer.Serialize(staleModel));
-            File.SetLastWriteTimeUtc(tempModel, DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(-10));
-            File.SetLastWriteTimeUtc(tempResults, DateTime.UtcNow);
-
-            ByDivisorScanTuning tuning = new()
-            {
-                CheapLimit = 32,
-            };
-
-            ByDivisorClassModel model = ByDivisorClassModelLoader.LoadOrBuild(tempModel, tempResults, tuning, tuning.CheapLimit);
-
-            model.Entries[5].K50.Should().Be(3d);
-            File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(tempModel).Should().BeAfter(File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(tempResults).AddSeconds(-2));
-        }
-        finally
-        {
-            TryDelete(tempResults);
-            TryDelete(tempModel);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void TryDelete(string path)
-    {
-        try
-        {
-            if (File.Exists(path))
-            {
-                File.Delete(path);
-            }
-        }
-        catch
-        {
-            // ignore cleanup failure in tests
-        }
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/GpuContextPoolTests.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+using FluentAssertions;
+using ILGPU;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/GpuKernelCompilationTests.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 using System.Reflection;
+using FluentAssertions;
 using ILGPU;
 using ILGPU.Runtime;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Kernels;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
@@ -115,10 +114,14 @@ public class GpuKernelCompilationTests
         typeof(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics).GetMethod("GetPow2ModKernel", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)
         ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.GetPow2ModKernel not found.");
 
+    private static readonly MethodInfo PrimeOrderGetPow2ModWideKernelMethod =
+        typeof(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics).GetMethod("GetPow2ModWideKernel", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)
+        ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.GetPow2ModWideKernel not found.");
+
     private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>> MersenneDivisorCyclesKernel =
         DivisorCycleKernels.GpuDivisorCycleKernel;
 
-    private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel =
+    private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel =
         PrimeTesterKernels.SmallPrimeSieveKernel;
 
     private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSharesFactorKernel =
@@ -322,67 +325,56 @@ public class GpuKernelCompilationTests
 
     private static void CompilePrimeOrderPow2ModWideKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
     {
-        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>, GpuUInt128, ArrayView1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>>(PrimeOrderKernels.Pow2ModKernelWide);
-        _ = kernel;
+        _ = PrimeOrderGetPow2ModWideKernelMethod.Invoke(null, new object[] { accelerator });
     }
 
     private static void CompileMersenneDivisorCyclesKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
     {
-        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel(MersenneDivisorCyclesKernel);
+        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(MersenneDivisorCyclesKernel);
         _ = kernel;
     }
 
     private static void CompilePrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
     {
-        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel(PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel);
+        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>(PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel);
         _ = kernel;
     }
 
     private static void CompilePrimeTesterSharesFactorKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
     {
-        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel(PrimeTesterSharesFactorKernel);
+        var kernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>(PrimeTesterSharesFactorKernel);
         _ = kernel;
     }
 
-	private static KernelType _kernelType = KernelType.Pow2ModKernelScan | KernelType.OrderKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalOrderKernelScan | KernelType.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan;
-	private static void CompileGpuKernelPoolKernels(Accelerator accelerator)
-	{
+    private static void CompileGpuKernelPoolKernels(Accelerator accelerator)
+    {
+        _ = accelerator;
+        var lease = GpuKernelPool.GetKernel(useGpuOrder: false);
+        try
+        {
+            _ = lease.OrderKernel;
+            _ = lease.IncrementalKernel;
+            _ = lease.Pow2ModKernel;
+            _ = lease.IncrementalOrderKernel;
+            _ = lease.Pow2ModOrderKernel;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lease.Dispose();
+        }
 
-		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		int acceleratorIndex = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
-		AcceleratorStream stream = AcceleratorStreamPool.Rent(acceleratorIndex);
-		try
-		{
-			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(acceleratorIndex, stream, _kernelType);
-			_ = kernels.Order;
-			_ = kernels.Incremental;
-			_ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
-			_ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
-			_ = kernels.Pow2ModOrder;
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			stream.Synchronize();
-			AcceleratorStreamPool.Return(acceleratorIndex, stream);
-			// GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
-		}
-
-		stream = AcceleratorStreamPool.Rent(acceleratorIndex);
-		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		try
-		{
-			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(acceleratorIndex, stream, _kernelType);
-			_ = kernels.Order;
-			_ = kernels.Incremental;
-			_ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
-			_ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
-			_ = kernels.Pow2ModOrder;
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			stream.Synchronize();
-			AcceleratorStreamPool.Return(acceleratorIndex, stream);
-			// GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
-		}
-	}
+        var orderLease = GpuKernelPool.GetKernel(useGpuOrder: true);
+        try
+        {
+            _ = orderLease.OrderKernel;
+            _ = orderLease.IncrementalKernel;
+            _ = orderLease.Pow2ModKernel;
+            _ = orderLease.IncrementalOrderKernel;
+            _ = orderLease.Pow2ModOrderKernel;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            orderLease.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/GpuPrimeLimiterTests.cs

@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ public class GpuPrimeLimiterTests
         var startedSecond = new TaskCompletionSource<bool>();
         var sw = new Stopwatch();
 
-        GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
+        var first = GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
         sw.Start();
 
         var secondTask = Task.Run(() =>
         {
-            GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
+            var second = GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
             try
             {
                 startedSecond.TrySetResult(true);
             }
             finally
             {
-				GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
+                second.Dispose();
             }
         });
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class GpuPrimeLimiterTests
         finally
         {
             // Release first after the initial wait so the second task can proceed.
-			GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
+            first.Dispose();
         }
 
         await secondTask.WaitAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/LucasLehmerPrimeTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
@@ -8,91 +7,59 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
 [Trait("Category", "Slow")]
 public class LucasLehmerPrimeTesterTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(3UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, false)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_gpu_returns_expected_results(ulong p, bool expected)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester().IsPrime(gpu, p, true).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(3UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(5UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(11UL, false)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_gpu_returns_expected_results(ulong p, bool expected)
+    {
+        new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester().IsPrime(p, true).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_gpu_large_exponent_without_cpu_fallback()
-	{
-		// Use a modest exponent that still exercises the NTT path while keeping
-		// runtime short enough for the unit test environment.
-		const ulong exponent = 128UL;
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
-		tester.WarmUpNttParameters(exponent);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsPrime(gpu, exponent, true).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_gpu_large_exponent_without_cpu_fallback()
+    {
+        // Use a modest exponent that still exercises the NTT path while keeping
+        // runtime short enough for the unit test environment.
+        const ulong exponent = 128UL;
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
+        tester.WarmUpNttParameters(exponent);
+        tester.IsPrime(exponent, true).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsMersennePrimeBatch_matches_individual()
-	{
-		ulong[] exponents = new ulong[] { 3UL, 5UL, 7UL, 11UL, 13UL, 17UL, 19UL, 23UL };
-		bool[] expected = new bool[] { true, true, true, false, true, true, true, false };
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
-		bool[] results = new bool[exponents.Length];
-		tester.IsMersennePrimeBatch(exponents, results);
-		results.Should().Equal(expected);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsMersennePrimeBatch_matches_individual()
+    {
+        ulong[] exponents = new ulong[] { 3UL, 5UL, 7UL, 11UL, 13UL, 17UL, 19UL, 23UL };
+        bool[] expected = new bool[] { true, true, true, false, true, true, true, false };
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
+        bool[] results = new bool[exponents.Length];
+        tester.IsMersennePrimeBatch(exponents, results);
+        results.Should().Equal(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(132UL)]
-	[InlineData(1000UL)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Slow")]
-	public void WarmUpNttParameters_populates_cache_for_large_exponent(ulong exponent)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
-		tester.WarmUpNttParameters(exponent);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsPrime(gpu, exponent, true).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(132UL)]
+    [InlineData(1000UL)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Slow")]
+    public void WarmUpNttParameters_populates_cache_for_large_exponent(ulong exponent)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerGpuTester();
+        tester.WarmUpNttParameters(exponent);
+        tester.IsPrime(exponent, true).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(3UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, false)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_cpu_matches_expected_results(ulong p, bool expected)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerCpuTester().IsPrime(gpu, p).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(3UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(5UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(11UL, false)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_cpu_matches_expected_results(ulong p, bool expected)
+    {
+        new MersenneNumberLucasLehmerCpuTester().IsPrime(p).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/NttGpuMathTests.cs

@@ -13,352 +13,367 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
 [Collection("GpuNtt")]
 public class NttGpuMathTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ForwardGpu_reference_matches_cpu_forward()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Forward(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.ForwardGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ForwardGpu_reference_matches_cpu_forward()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Forward(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.ForwardGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ForwardGpu_staged_matches_cpu_forward()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Forward(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.ForwardGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ForwardGpu_staged_matches_cpu_forward()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Forward(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.ForwardGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void InverseGpu_reference_matches_cpu_inverse()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			input[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
-			input[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
-			input[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 9UL);
-			input[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 11UL);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			input.CopyTo(transformed);
-			NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
-			NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
-			NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void InverseGpu_reference_matches_cpu_inverse()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            input[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
+            input[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
+            input[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 9UL);
+            input[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 11UL);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            input.CopyTo(transformed);
+            NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
+            NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
+            NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void InverseGpu_staged_matches_cpu_inverse()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			input[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
-			input[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
-			input[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 9UL);
-			input[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 11UL);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			input.CopyTo(transformed);
-			NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
-			NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
-			NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void InverseGpu_staged_matches_cpu_inverse()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            input[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
+            input[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
+            input[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 9UL);
+            input[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 11UL);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            input.CopyTo(transformed);
+            NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
+            NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
+            NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Montgomery_twiddle_inverses_multiply_to_r2()
-	{
-		var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-		var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Montgomery_twiddle_inverses_multiply_to_r2()
+    {
+        var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+        var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
 
-		var accelerator = SharedGpuContext.CreateAccelerator();
-		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
+        GpuContextPool.GpuContextLease gpu = GpuContextPool.Rent();
+        try
+        {
+            var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 
-		var method = typeof(NttGpuMath).GetMethod("GetSquareCache", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
-		method.Should().NotBeNull();
-		var cache = method!.Invoke(null, new object[] { accelerator, 8, modulus, primitiveRoot })!;
-		var cacheType = cache.GetType();
+            var method = typeof(NttGpuMath).GetMethod("GetSquareCache", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
+            method.Should().NotBeNull();
+            var cache = method!.Invoke(null, new object[] { accelerator, 8, modulus, primitiveRoot })!;
+            var cacheType = cache.GetType();
 
-		var twiddlesMont = (MemoryBuffer1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>)cacheType.GetProperty("TwiddlesMont")!.GetValue(cache)!;
-		var twiddlesInvMont = (MemoryBuffer1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>)cacheType.GetProperty("TwiddlesInvMont")!.GetValue(cache)!;
-		var r2 = (ulong)cacheType.GetProperty("MontR2Mod64")!.GetValue(cache)!;
-		var mod = (ulong)cacheType.GetProperty("ModulusLow")!.GetValue(cache)!;
+            var twiddlesMont = (MemoryBuffer1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>)cacheType.GetProperty("TwiddlesMont")!.GetValue(cache)!;
+            var twiddlesInvMont = (MemoryBuffer1D<GpuUInt128, Stride1D.Dense>)cacheType.GetProperty("TwiddlesInvMont")!.GetValue(cache)!;
+            var r2 = (ulong)cacheType.GetProperty("MontR2Mod64")!.GetValue(cache)!;
+            var mod = (ulong)cacheType.GetProperty("ModulusLow")!.GetValue(cache)!;
 
-		int count = 7; // length 8 -> 7 twiddles
-		var forward = new GpuUInt128[count];
-		var inverse = new GpuUInt128[count];
-		twiddlesMont.CopyToCPU(stream, forward);
-		twiddlesInvMont.CopyToCPU(stream, inverse);
-		stream.Synchronize();
-		stream.Dispose();
-		accelerator.Dispose();
+            int count = 7; // length 8 -> 7 twiddles
+            var forward = new GpuUInt128[count];
+            var inverse = new GpuUInt128[count];
+            twiddlesMont.CopyToCPU(forward);
+            twiddlesInvMont.CopyToCPU(inverse);
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
-		{
-			ulong prod = (ulong)((((BigInteger)forward[i].Low) * inverse[i].Low) % mod);
-			prod.Should().Be(r2);
-		}
-	}
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                ulong prod = (ulong)((((BigInteger)forward[i].Low) * inverse[i].Low) % mod);
+                prod.Should().Be(r2);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            gpu.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ConvolveGpu_reference_matches_cpu_convolve()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> leftCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			Span<GpuUInt128> rightCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			leftCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			leftCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			leftCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			leftCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			rightCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
-			rightCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 6UL);
-			rightCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
-			rightCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 8UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> leftGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			Span<GpuUInt128> rightGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			leftCpu.CopyTo(leftGpu);
-			rightCpu.CopyTo(rightGpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Convolve(leftCpu, rightCpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.ConvolveGpu(leftGpu, rightGpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < leftCpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				leftGpu[i].Should().Be(leftCpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ConvolveGpu_reference_matches_cpu_convolve()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> leftCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            Span<GpuUInt128> rightCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            leftCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            leftCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            leftCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            leftCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            rightCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
+            rightCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 6UL);
+            rightCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
+            rightCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 8UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> leftGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            Span<GpuUInt128> rightGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            leftCpu.CopyTo(leftGpu);
+            rightCpu.CopyTo(rightGpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Convolve(leftCpu, rightCpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.ConvolveGpu(leftGpu, rightGpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < leftCpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                leftGpu[i].Should().Be(leftCpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ConvolveGpu_staged_matches_cpu_convolve()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> leftCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			Span<GpuUInt128> rightCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			leftCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			leftCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			leftCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			leftCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			rightCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
-			rightCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 6UL);
-			rightCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
-			rightCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 8UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> leftGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			Span<GpuUInt128> rightGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			leftCpu.CopyTo(leftGpu);
-			rightCpu.CopyTo(rightGpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Convolve(leftCpu, rightCpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.ConvolveGpu(leftGpu, rightGpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < leftCpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				leftGpu[i].Should().Be(leftCpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ConvolveGpu_staged_matches_cpu_convolve()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> leftCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            Span<GpuUInt128> rightCpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            leftCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            leftCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            leftCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            leftCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            rightCpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 5UL);
+            rightCpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 6UL);
+            rightCpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 7UL);
+            rightCpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 8UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> leftGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            Span<GpuUInt128> rightGpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            leftCpu.CopyTo(leftGpu);
+            rightCpu.CopyTo(rightGpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Convolve(leftCpu, rightCpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.ConvolveGpu(leftGpu, rightGpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < leftCpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                leftGpu[i].Should().Be(leftCpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void SquareGpu_reference_matches_cpu_square()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.SquareGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void SquareGpu_reference_matches_cpu_square()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Reference;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.SquareGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void SquareGpu_staged_matches_cpu_square()
-	{
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-			cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-			cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
-			cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
-			var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-			var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-			NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			NttGpuMath.SquareGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void SquareGpu_staged_matches_cpu_square()
+    {
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+            cpu[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+            cpu[2] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            cpu[3] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 4UL);
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[4];
+            cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
+            var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+            var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+            NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            NttGpuMath.SquareGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void BitReverseGpu_matches_cpu()
-	{
-		GpuUInt128[] cpu = new GpuUInt128[8];
-		for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)cpu.Length; i++)
-		{
-			cpu[i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i);
-		}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void BitReverseGpu_matches_cpu()
+    {
+        GpuUInt128[] cpu = new GpuUInt128[8];
+        for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)cpu.Length; i++)
+        {
+            cpu[i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i);
+        }
 
-		GpuUInt128[] gpu = (GpuUInt128[])cpu.Clone();
-		NttGpuMath.BitReverse(cpu);
-		NttGpuMath.BitReverseGpu(gpu);
-		gpu.Should().Equal(cpu);
-	}
+        GpuUInt128[] gpu = (GpuUInt128[])cpu.Clone();
+        NttGpuMath.BitReverse(cpu);
+        NttGpuMath.BitReverseGpu(gpu);
+        gpu.Should().Equal(cpu);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void DisposeAll_clears_ntt_caches()
-	{
-		// Ensure the cache starts empty.
-		NttGpuMath.ClearCaches();
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void DisposeAll_clears_ntt_caches()
+    {
+        // Ensure the cache starts empty.
+        NttGpuMath.ClearCaches();
 
-		Span<GpuUInt128> values = stackalloc GpuUInt128[2];
-		values[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
-		values[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
-		var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-		var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
-		Accelerator accelerator = SharedGpuContext.CreateAccelerator();
-		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-		var buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<GpuUInt128>(values.Length);
-		buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, ref values[0], values.Length);
-		NttGpuMath.SquareDevice(accelerator, stream, buffer.View, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-		stream.Synchronize();
-		stream.Dispose();
-		buffer.Dispose();
-		accelerator.Dispose();
+        Span<GpuUInt128> values = stackalloc GpuUInt128[2];
+        values[0] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 1UL);
+        values[1] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 2UL);
+        var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+        var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+        GpuContextPool.GpuContextLease gpu = GpuContextPool.Rent();
+        try
+        {
+            var buffer = gpu.Accelerator.Allocate1D<GpuUInt128>(values.Length);
+            try
+            {
+                buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(ref values[0], values.Length);
+                NttGpuMath.SquareDevice(gpu.Accelerator, buffer.View, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                buffer.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            gpu.Dispose();
+        }
 
-		// Verify that the square cache now holds entries for the accelerator.
-		var field = typeof(NttGpuMath).GetField("SquareCache", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
-		var cacheObj = field.GetValue(null)!;
-		int count = (int)cacheObj.GetType().GetProperty("Count")!.GetValue(cacheObj)!;
-		count.Should().BeGreaterThan(0);
+        // Verify that the square cache now holds entries for the accelerator.
+        var field = typeof(NttGpuMath).GetField("SquareCache", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!;
+        var cacheObj = field.GetValue(null)!;
+        int count = (int)cacheObj.GetType().GetProperty("Count")!.GetValue(cacheObj)!;
+        count.Should().BeGreaterThan(0);
 
-		count = (int)cacheObj.GetType().GetProperty("Count")!.GetValue(cacheObj)!;
-		count.Should().Be(0);
-	}
+        GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
+
+        count = (int)cacheObj.GetType().GetProperty("Count")!.GetValue(cacheObj)!;
+        count.Should().Be(0);
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/NttMontgomeryTests.cs

@@ -9,83 +9,86 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class NttMontgomeryTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void SquareDevice_montgomery64_matches_cpu_square_on_small_input()
-	{
-		// Small 64-bit modulus and tiny input to keep runtime trivial.
-		var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-		var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void SquareDevice_montgomery64_matches_cpu_square_on_small_input()
+    {
+        // Small 64-bit modulus and tiny input to keep runtime trivial.
+        var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+        var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
 
-		Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[8];
-		for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)cpu.Length; i++)
-		{
-			cpu[(int)i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i + 1UL);
-		}
-		Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[16];
-		cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
-		for (int i = cpu.Length; i < gpu.Length; i++)
-		{
-			gpu[i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 0UL);
-		}
+        Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[8];
+        for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)cpu.Length; i++)
+        {
+            cpu[(int)i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i + 1UL);
+        }
+        Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[16];
+        cpu.CopyTo(gpu);
+        for (int i = cpu.Length; i < gpu.Length; i++)
+        {
+            gpu[i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 0UL);
+        }
 
-		// CPU reference
-		NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+        // CPU reference
+        NttGpuMath.Square(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
 
-		// Device execution
-		var accelerator = SharedGpuContext.CreateAccelerator();
-		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-		using var buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<GpuUInt128>(gpu.Length);
-		buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, ref gpu[0], gpu.Length);
-		NttGpuMath.SquareDevice(accelerator, stream, buffer.View, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-		buffer.View.CopyToCPU(stream, ref gpu[0], gpu.Length);
-		stream.Synchronize();
-		stream.Dispose();
-		accelerator.Dispose();
+        // Device execution
+        GpuContextPool.GpuContextLease context = GpuContextPool.Rent();
+        try
+        {
+            var accelerator = context.Accelerator;
+            using var buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<GpuUInt128>(gpu.Length);
+            buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(ref gpu[0], gpu.Length);
+            NttGpuMath.SquareDevice(accelerator, buffer.View, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            buffer.View.CopyToCPU(ref gpu[0], gpu.Length);
 
-		for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
-		{
-			gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-		}
+            for (int i = 0; i < cpu.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            context.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void InverseDevice_montgomery64_matches_cpu_inverse_on_small_input()
+    {
+        var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
+        var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void InverseDevice_montgomery64_matches_cpu_inverse_on_small_input()
-	{
-		var modulus = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 17UL);
-		var primitiveRoot = new GpuUInt128(0UL, 3UL);
+        Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[8];
+        for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)input.Length; i++)
+        {
+            input[(int)i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i + 1UL);
+        }
 
-		Span<GpuUInt128> input = stackalloc GpuUInt128[8];
-		for (ulong i = 0; i < (ulong)input.Length; i++)
-		{
-			input[(int)i] = new GpuUInt128(0UL, i + 1UL);
-		}
+        Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
+        input.CopyTo(transformed);
+        NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
 
-		Span<GpuUInt128> transformed = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
-		input.CopyTo(transformed);
-		NttGpuMath.Forward(transformed, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+        Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
+        transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
+        NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
 
-		Span<GpuUInt128> cpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
-		transformed.CopyTo(cpu);
-		NttGpuMath.Inverse(cpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-
-		var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
-		try
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
-			Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
-			transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
-			NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
-			for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
-			{
-				gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
-		}
-	}
+        var original = NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend;
+        try
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = NttBackend.Staged;
+            Span<GpuUInt128> gpu = stackalloc GpuUInt128[input.Length];
+            transformed.CopyTo(gpu);
+            NttGpuMath.InverseGpu(gpu, modulus, primitiveRoot);
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
+            {
+                gpu[i].Should().Be(cpu[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            NttGpuMath.GpuTransformBackend = original;
+        }
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/PrimeOrderGpuHeuristicsTests.cs

@@ -2,410 +2,374 @@ using System.Numerics;
 using System.Reflection;
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class PrimeOrderGpuHeuristicsTests
 {
-	public PrimeOrderGpuHeuristicsTests()
-	{
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.Clear();
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.Clear();
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-	}
+    public PrimeOrderGpuHeuristicsTests()
+    {
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.Clear();
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.Clear();
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
-	{
-		const ulong prime = 97UL;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, 1UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
+    {
+        const ulong prime = 97UL;
+        try
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(1UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-		}
-	}
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2Mod_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
-	{
-		const ulong exponent = 138_000_001UL;
-		const ulong prime = 138_000_001UL;
-		MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, exponent, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2Mod_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
+    {
+        const ulong exponent = 138_000_001UL;
+        const ulong prime = 138_000_001UL;
+        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+        GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(exponent, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+        status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
+        remainder.Should().Be(2UL);
+    }
 
-		status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
-		remainder.Should().Be(2UL);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        const ulong prime = 97UL;
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(6, 64);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(1UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		const ulong prime = 97UL;
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(6, 64);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, 1UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_when_exponent_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 3);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            const ulong prime = 193UL;
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(16UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2Mod_returns_overflow_when_exponent_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 3);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		try
-		{
-			const ulong prime = 193UL;
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, 16UL, prime, out ulong remainder, divisorData);
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(0UL);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus followUp = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(4UL, prime, out ulong followUpRemainder, divisorData);
+            followUp.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
+            followUpRemainder.Should().Be(16UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+        }
+    }
 
-			GpuPow2ModStatus followUp = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, 4UL, prime, out ulong followUpRemainder, divisorData);
-			followUp.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
-			followUpRemainder.Should().Be(16UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
+    {
+        const ulong prime = 193UL;
+        try
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
-	{
-		const ulong prime = 193UL;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
+            ulong[] remainders = new ulong[2];
+            ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
 
-			ulong[] remainders = new ulong[2];
-			ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
+            remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
-			remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
+    {
+        ulong[] remainders = { 123UL, 456UL };
+        ulong[] exponents = { 138_000_001UL, 138_000_011UL };
+        const ulong prime = 138_000_001UL;
+        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+        GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
-	{
-		ulong[] remainders = { 123UL, 456UL };
-		ulong[] exponents = { 138_000_001UL, 138_000_011UL };
-		const ulong prime = 138_000_001UL;
-		MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+        ulong expectedFirst = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponents[0], prime);
+        ulong expectedSecond = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponents[1], prime);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
-		
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+        status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
+        expectedFirst.Should().Be(2UL);
+        expectedSecond.Should().Be(2048UL);
+        remainders[0].Should().Be(expectedFirst);
+        remainders[1].Should().Be(expectedSecond);
+    }
 
-		ulong expectedFirst = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponents[0], prime);
-		ulong expectedSecond = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponents[1], prime);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        const ulong prime = 97UL;
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(6, 64);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
+            ulong[] remainders = { 5UL, 6UL };
 
-		status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
-		expectedFirst.Should().Be(2UL);
-		expectedSecond.Should().Be(2048UL);
-		remainders[0].Should().Be(expectedFirst);
-		remainders[1].Should().Be(expectedSecond);
-	}
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		const ulong prime = 97UL;
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(6, 64);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		try
-		{
-			ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
-			ulong[] remainders = { 5UL, 6UL };
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
+            remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_when_any_exponent_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 3);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] exponents = { 2UL, 16UL };
+            ulong[] remainders = { 9UL, 11UL };
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
-			remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-		}
-	}
+            const ulong prime = 193UL;
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatch_returns_overflow_when_any_exponent_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 3);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		try
-		{
-			ulong[] exponents = { 2UL, 16UL };
-			ulong[] remainders = { 9UL, 11UL };
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
+            remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+        }
+    }
 
-			const ulong prime = 193UL;
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 80) + 7;
+        try
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide[prime] = 0;
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainders[0].Should().Be(0UL);
-			remainders[1].Should().Be(0UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-		}
-	}
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(UInt128.One, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_for_marked_prime()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 80) + 7;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide[prime] = 0;
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, UInt128.One, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 96) + 11;
+        UInt128 exponent = ((UInt128)1 << 64) + 3;
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(exponent, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 96) + 11;
-		UInt128 exponent = ((UInt128)1 << 64) + 3;
+        status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, (BigInteger)exponent, (BigInteger)prime);
+        remainder.Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, exponent, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("193", "31")]
+    [InlineData("193", "255")]
+    [InlineData("79228162514264337593543950347", "36893488147419103251")]
+    public void Pow2ModKernelCore_matches_cpu_windowed_path(string modulusText, string exponentText)
+    {
+        UInt128 modulus = UInt128.Parse(modulusText);
+        UInt128 exponent = UInt128.Parse(exponentText);
 
-		status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, (BigInteger)exponent, (BigInteger)prime);
-		remainder.Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        var method = typeof(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics).GetMethod("Pow2ModKernelCore", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
+        method.Should().NotBeNull();
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData("193", "31")]
-	[InlineData("193", "255")]
-	[InlineData("79228162514264337593543950347", "36893488147419103251")]
-	public void Pow2ModKernelCore_matches_cpu_windowed_path(string modulusText, string exponentText)
-	{
-		UInt128 modulus = UInt128.Parse(modulusText);
-		UInt128 exponent = UInt128.Parse(exponentText);
+        object? gpuResultObject = method!.Invoke(null, new object[] { new GpuUInt128(exponent), new GpuUInt128(modulus) });
+        GpuUInt128 gpuResult = (GpuUInt128)gpuResultObject!;
+        UInt128 expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowed(modulus);
 
-		var method = typeof(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics).GetMethod("Pow2ModKernelCore", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
-		method.Should().NotBeNull();
+        ((UInt128)gpuResult).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		object? gpuResultObject = method!.Invoke(null, new object[] { new GpuUInt128(exponent), new GpuUInt128(modulus) });
-		GpuUInt128 gpuResult = (GpuUInt128)gpuResultObject!;
-		UInt128 expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowed(modulus);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 80) + 9;
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 128);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(UInt128.One, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
 
-		((UInt128)gpuResult).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 80) + 9;
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 128);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, UInt128.One, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_when_exponent_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(128, 4);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            UInt128 exponent = UInt128.One << 8;
+            UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 70) + 3;
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(exponent, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModWide_returns_overflow_when_exponent_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(128, 4);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			UInt128 exponent = UInt128.One << 8;
-			UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 70) + 3;
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+        }
+    }
 
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2Mod(gpu, exponent, prime, out UInt128 remainder);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 90) + 19;
+        UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One, ((UInt128)1 << 64) + 5 };
+        UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainder.Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_success_for_supported_prime()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 90) + 19;
-		UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One, ((UInt128)1 << 64) + 5 };
-		UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
+        status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
+        for (int i = 0; i < exponents.Length; i++)
+        {
+            UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, (BigInteger)exponents[i], (BigInteger)prime);
+            remainders[i].Should().Be(expected);
+        }
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders);
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 88) + 13;
+        UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One, (UInt128)5 };
+        UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 128);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders);
 
-		status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Success);
-		for (int i = 0; i < exponents.Length; i++)
-		{
-			UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, (BigInteger)exponents[i], (BigInteger)prime);
-			remainders[i].Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-	}
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainders[0].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+            remainders[1].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_overflow_when_modulus_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 88) + 13;
-		UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One, (UInt128)5 };
-		UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(64, 128);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders);
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_overflow_when_any_exponent_exceeds_capability()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 72) + 23;
+        UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One << 5, UInt128.One << 9 };
+        UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
+        var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(128, 6);
+        PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
+        try
+        {
+            GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders);
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainders[0].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-			remainders[1].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistryWide.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+            status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
+            remainders[0].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+            remainders[1].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void TryPow2ModBatchWide_returns_overflow_when_any_exponent_exceeds_capability()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = ((UInt128)1 << 72) + 23;
-		UInt128[] exponents = { UInt128.One << 5, UInt128.One << 9 };
-		UInt128[] remainders = { UInt128.Zero, UInt128.Zero };
-		var capability = new PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PrimeOrderGpuCapability(128, 6);
-		PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverrideCapabilitiesForTesting(capability);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			GpuPow2ModStatus status = PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(gpu, exponents, prime, remainders);
+    // This will never happen in production code because the caller ensures the remainder span is large enough.
+    // [Fact]
+    // public void TryPow2ModBatch_throws_when_remainder_span_is_too_small()
+    // {
+    //     ulong[] remainders = new ulong[1];
+    //     ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
 
-			status.Should().Be(GpuPow2ModStatus.Overflow);
-			remainders[0].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-			remainders[1].Should().Be(UInt128.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.ResetCapabilitiesForTesting();
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    //     Action act = () =>
+    //     {
+    //         const ulong prime = 5UL;
+    //         MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+    //         PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
+    //     };
 
-	// This will never happen in production code because the caller ensures the remainder span is large enough.
-	// [Fact]
-	// public void TryPow2ModBatch_throws_when_remainder_span_is_too_small()
-	// {
-	//     ulong[] remainders = new ulong[1];
-	//     ulong[] exponents = { 1UL, 2UL };
+    //     act.Should().Throw<ArgumentException>();
+    // }
 
-	//     Action act = () =>
-	//     {
-	//         const ulong prime = 5UL;
-	//         MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-	//         PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.TryPow2ModBatch(exponents, prime, remainders, divisorData);
-	//     };
+    [Fact]
+    public void Calculate_falls_back_to_cpu_when_gpu_overflow_is_marked()
+    {
+        const ulong prime = 7UL;
+        try
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
 
-	//     act.Should().Throw<ArgumentException>();
-	// }
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
+            ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(prime, null, divisorData, PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.HeuristicDefault, PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void Calculate_falls_back_to_cpu_when_gpu_overflow_is_marked()
-	{
-		const ulong prime = 7UL;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry[prime] = 0;
-
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime);
-			ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(gpu, prime, null, divisorData, PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.HeuristicDefault);
-
-			result.Should().Be(3UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
-		}
-	}
+            result.Should().Be(3UL);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.OverflowRegistry.TryRemove(prime, out _);
+        }
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/PrimeTesterGpuTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
@@ -7,39 +7,40 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class PrimeTesterGpuTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsPrimeGpu_accepts_known_primes()
-	{
-		ulong[] primes = [31UL, 61UL, 89UL, 107UL, 127UL, 521UL];
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			foreach (ulong prime in primes)
-			{
-				PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, prime).Should().BeTrue();
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsPrimeGpu_accepts_known_primes()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var tester = new PrimeTester();
+            ulong[] primes = [31UL, 61UL, 89UL, 107UL, 127UL, 521UL];
+            foreach (ulong prime in primes)
+            {
+                tester.IsPrimeGpu(prime).Should().BeTrue();
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsPrimeGpu_rejects_composites()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            var tester = new PrimeTester();
+            ulong[] composites = [33UL, 39UL, 51UL, 77UL, 91UL];
+            foreach (ulong composite in composites)
+            {
+                tester.IsPrimeGpu(composite).Should().BeFalse();
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsPrimeGpu_rejects_composites()
-	{
-		ulong[] composites = [33UL, 39UL, 51UL, 77UL, 91UL];
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			foreach (ulong composite in composites)
-			{
-				PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, composite).Should().BeFalse();
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/ULongExtensionsGpuTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using Xunit;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Kernels;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.Gpu;
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public class ULongExtensionsGpuTests
     public void Pow2ModWindowedGpu_matches_montgomery_cpu_for_known_values(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
     {
         MontgomeryDivisorData divisor = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(modulus);
-        ulong expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertToStandardCpu(divisor);
+        ulong expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedCpu(divisor, keepMontgomery: false);
 
         exponent.Pow2ModWindowedGpu(modulus).Should().Be(expected);
     }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public class ULongExtensionsGpuTests
             MontgomeryDivisorData divisor = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(modulus);
             foreach (ulong exponent in exponents)
             {
-                ulong expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedConvertToStandardCpu(divisor);
+                ulong expected = exponent.Pow2MontgomeryModWindowedCpu(divisor, keepMontgomery: false);
                 exponent.Pow2ModWindowedGpu(modulus).Should().Be(expected);
             }
         }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/HeuristicCombinedPrimeTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+using System;
+using System.Numerics;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using FluentAssertions;
 using Xunit;
 
@@ -12,7 +16,10 @@ public class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTesterTests
     [InlineData((byte)9)]
     public void Enumerator_uses_one_a_one_b_schedule_by_default(byte lastDigit)
     {
-        var enumerator = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CreateHeuristicDivisorEnumerator(500UL * 500UL, lastDigit);
+        Span<HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.HeuristicGroupBSequenceState> groupBState =
+            stackalloc HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.HeuristicGroupBSequenceState[4];
+
+        var enumerator = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CreateHeuristicDivisorEnumerator(500UL * 500UL, lastDigit, groupBState);
         var results = new List<HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.HeuristicDivisorCandidate>(32);
 
         while (results.Count < 20 && enumerator.TryGetNext(out var candidate))

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneDivisorCyclesGenerateGpuTests.cs

@@ -1,110 +1,107 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneDivisorCyclesGenerateGpuTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void GenerateGpu_produces_expected_cycles_for_small_range()
-	{
-		string path = Path.GetTempFileName();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.GenerateGpu(path, maxDivisor: 50UL, batchSize: 16, skipCount: 0, nextPosition: 0);
-			var pairs = new List<(ulong divisor, ulong cycle)>();
-			using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-			using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
-			while (stream.Position < stream.Length)
-			{
-				ulong d = reader.ReadUInt64();
-				ulong c = reader.ReadUInt64();
-				pairs.Add((d, c));
-			}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void GenerateGpu_produces_expected_cycles_for_small_range()
+    {
+        string path = Path.GetTempFileName();
+        try
+        {
+            MersenneDivisorCycles.GenerateGpu(path, maxDivisor: 50UL, batchSize: 16, skipCount: 0, nextPosition: 0);
+            var pairs = new List<(ulong divisor, ulong cycle)>();
+            using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
+            while (stream.Position < stream.Length)
+            {
+                ulong d = reader.ReadUInt64();
+                ulong c = reader.ReadUInt64();
+                pairs.Add((d, c));
+            }
 
-			var expected = new List<ulong>();
-			for (ulong d = 3; d <= 50; d++)
-			{
-				if ((d & 1UL) == 0UL || d % 3UL == 0UL || d % 5UL == 0UL || d % 7UL == 0UL || d % 11UL == 0UL)
-				{
-					continue;
-				}
+            var expected = new List<ulong>();
+            for (ulong d = 3; d <= 50; d++)
+            {
+                if ((d & 1UL) == 0UL || d % 3UL == 0UL || d % 5UL == 0UL || d % 7UL == 0UL || d % 11UL == 0UL)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
 
-				expected.Add(d);
-			}
+                expected.Add(d);
+            }
 
-			pairs.Should().HaveCount(expected.Count);
-			foreach (var pair in pairs)
-			{
-				expected.Should().Contain(pair.divisor);
-				MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(pair.divisor);
-				pair.cycle.Should().Be(MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(pair.divisor, divisorData));
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			if (File.Exists(path))
-			{
-				File.Delete(path);
-			}
-		}
-	}
+            pairs.Should().HaveCount(expected.Count);
+            foreach (var pair in pairs)
+            {
+                expected.Should().Contain(pair.divisor);
+                MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(pair.divisor);
+                pair.cycle.Should().Be(MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(pair.divisor, divisorData));
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(path))
+            {
+                File.Delete(path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Generate_produces_unique_cycles_for_expected_divisors()
-	{
-		string path = Path.GetTempFileName();
-		try
-		{
-			MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.Generate(path, maxDivisor: 50UL, threads: 4);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Generate_produces_unique_cycles_for_expected_divisors()
+    {
+        string path = Path.GetTempFileName();
+        try
+        {
+            MersenneDivisorCycles.Generate(path, maxDivisor: 50UL, threads: 4);
 
-			var pairs = new List<(ulong divisor, ulong cycle)>();
-			using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
-			using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
-			while (stream.Position < stream.Length)
-			{
-				ulong divisor = reader.ReadUInt64();
-				ulong cycle = reader.ReadUInt64();
-				pairs.Add((divisor, cycle));
-			}
+            var pairs = new List<(ulong divisor, ulong cycle)>();
+            using var stream = new FileStream(path, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            using var reader = new BinaryReader(stream);
+            while (stream.Position < stream.Length)
+            {
+                ulong divisor = reader.ReadUInt64();
+                ulong cycle = reader.ReadUInt64();
+                pairs.Add((divisor, cycle));
+            }
 
-			var expected = new List<ulong>();
-			for (ulong divisor = 3; divisor <= 50; divisor++)
-			{
-				if ((divisor & 1UL) == 0UL || divisor % 3UL == 0UL || divisor % 5UL == 0UL || divisor % 7UL == 0UL || divisor % 11UL == 0UL)
-				{
-					continue;
-				}
+            var expected = new List<ulong>();
+            for (ulong divisor = 3; divisor <= 50; divisor++)
+            {
+                if ((divisor & 1UL) == 0UL || divisor % 3UL == 0UL || divisor % 5UL == 0UL || divisor % 7UL == 0UL || divisor % 11UL == 0UL)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
 
-				expected.Add(divisor);
-			}
+                expected.Add(divisor);
+            }
 
-			pairs.Should().HaveCount(expected.Count);
+            pairs.Should().HaveCount(expected.Count);
 
-			HashSet<ulong> uniqueDivisors = new();
-			foreach (var pair in pairs)
-			{
-				uniqueDivisors.Add(pair.divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-				MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(pair.divisor);
-				pair.cycle.Should().Be(MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(pair.divisor, divisorData));
-			}
+            HashSet<ulong> uniqueDivisors = new();
+            foreach (var pair in pairs)
+            {
+                uniqueDivisors.Add(pair.divisor).Should().BeTrue();
+                MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(pair.divisor);
+                pair.cycle.Should().Be(MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(pair.divisor, divisorData));
+            }
 
-			uniqueDivisors.Should().BeEquivalentTo(expected);
+            uniqueDivisors.Should().BeEquivalentTo(expected);
 
-			var (_, completeCount) = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.FindLast(path);
-			completeCount.Should().Be(expected.Count);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			if (File.Exists(path))
-			{
-				File.Delete(path);
-			}
-		}
-	}
+            var (_, completeCount) = MersenneDivisorCycles.FindLast(path);
+            completeCount.Should().Be(expected.Count);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (File.Exists(path))
+            {
+                File.Delete(path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneDivisorCyclesTests.cs

@@ -1,35 +1,26 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneDivisorCyclesTests
 {
-	public static IEnumerable<object[]> Divisors() =>
-		new[]
-		{
-			new object[] {3UL, 2UL},
-			new object[] {7UL, 3UL},
-			new object[] {11UL, 10UL},
-		};
+    public static IEnumerable<object[]> Divisors() =>
+        new[]
+        {
+            new object[] {3UL, 2UL},
+            new object[] {7UL, 3UL},
+            new object[] {11UL, 10UL},
+        };
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[MemberData(nameof(Divisors))]
-	public void CalculateCycleLength_returns_expected_value(ulong divisor, ulong expected)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(divisor);
-			MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(divisor, divisorData).Should().Be(expected);
-			MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, divisor, divisorData).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [MemberData(nameof(Divisors))]
+    public void CalculateCycleLength_returns_expected_value(ulong divisor, ulong expected)
+    {
+        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(divisor);
+        MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(divisor, divisorData).Should().Be(expected);
+        MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLengthGpu(divisor).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-using System.Numerics;
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests
     {
         var candidates = new List<ulong> { 5UL, 7UL, 11UL, 13UL };
         var tester = new FakeTester();
-        var results = new List<(ulong Prime, bool Searched, bool Detailed, bool Passed, BigInteger Divisor)>();
+        var results = new List<(ulong Prime, bool Searched, bool Detailed, bool Passed)>();
         int compositeMarks = 0;
         int clearedMarks = 0;
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests
             startPrime: 0UL,
             markComposite: () => compositeMarks++,
             clearComposite: () => clearedMarks++,
-            printResult: (prime, searched, detailed, passed, divisor) => results.Add((prime, searched, detailed, passed, divisor)),
+            printResult: (prime, searched, detailed, passed) => results.Add((prime, searched, detailed, passed)),
             threadCount: 1,
             primesPerTask: 2);
 
@@ -32,12 +30,12 @@ public class MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests
         compositeMarks.Should().Be(2);
         clearedMarks.Should().Be(2);
         results.Should().Equal(
-            new (ulong Prime, bool Searched, bool Detailed, bool Passed, BigInteger Divisor)[]
+            new[]
             {
-                (5UL, true, true, true, BigInteger.Zero),
-                (7UL, true, true, false, new BigInteger(7)),
-                (11UL, true, true, false, new BigInteger(11)),
-                (13UL, true, true, true, BigInteger.Zero),
+                (5UL, true, true, true),
+                (7UL, true, true, false),
+                (11UL, true, true, false),
+                (13UL, true, true, true),
             });
     }
 
@@ -47,47 +45,31 @@ public class MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests
 
         public int BatchSize { get; set; }
 
-        public BigInteger MinK { get; set; }
-
-        public string? StateFilePath { get; set; }
-
-        public void ResetStateTracking()
-        {
-        }
-
-        public void ResumeFromState(in string stateFile, in BigInteger lastSavedK, in BigInteger minK)
-        {
-        }
-
         public ulong DivisorLimit => ConfiguredMaxPrime + 100UL;
 
-        public bool IsPrime(ulong prime, out bool divisorsExhausted, out BigInteger divisor)
+        public void ConfigureFromMaxPrime(ulong maxPrime)
         {
-            divisorsExhausted = true;
-            if (prime % 7UL == 0UL)
-            {
-                divisor = 7UL;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            if (prime % 11UL == 0UL)
-            {
-                divisor = 11UL;
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            divisor = 0UL;
-            return true;
+            ConfiguredMaxPrime = maxPrime;
         }
 
-        public IMersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTester.IDivisorScanSession CreateDivisorSession(PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator gpu)
+        public ulong GetAllowedMaxDivisor(ulong prime)
+        {
+            return DivisorLimit;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsPrime(ulong prime, out bool divisorsExhausted)
+        {
+            divisorsExhausted = true;
+            return prime % 7UL != 0UL && prime % 11UL != 0UL;
+        }
+
+        public IMersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTester.IDivisorScanSession CreateDivisorSession()
         {
             return new DummySession();
         }
 
-        public void PrepareCandidates(ulong maxPrime, in ReadOnlySpan<ulong> primes, Span<ulong> allowedMaxValues)
+        public void PrepareCandidates(in ReadOnlySpan<ulong> primes, Span<ulong> allowedMaxValues)
         {
-            ConfiguredMaxPrime = maxPrime;
             for (int i = 0; i < primes.Length; i++)
             {
                 allowedMaxValues[i] = 100UL;
@@ -96,12 +78,12 @@ public class MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTesterTests
 
         private sealed class DummySession : IMersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorTester.IDivisorScanSession
         {
-            public bool CheckDivisor(ulong divisor, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData, ulong divisorCycle, in ReadOnlySpan<ulong> primes)
+            public void CheckDivisor(ulong divisor, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData, ulong divisorCycle, in ReadOnlySpan<ulong> primes, Span<byte> hits)
             {
                 throw new NotSupportedException();
             }
 
-            public void Return()
+            public void Dispose()
             {
             }
         }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberDivisorCpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,138 +1,104 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Reflection;
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
-using MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithCpuOrder = PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu.MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithForSequentialDivisorSetForCpuOrder;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberDivisorCpuTesterTests
 {
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ByDivisor_tester_tracks_divisors_across_primes()
-    {
-        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithCpuOrder();
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+        public void ByDivisor_tester_tracks_divisors_across_primes()
+        {
+                var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTester();
+                tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(11UL);
 
-        ulong[] primes = [5UL, 7UL, 11UL];
-        ulong[] allowedMax = new ulong[primes.Length];
-        tester.PrepareCandidates(maxPrime: 11UL, primes, allowedMax);
+                tester.IsPrime(5UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeTrue();
+                divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
 
-        tester.ResumeFromState(Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "bydivisor-cpu-tests.bin"), BigInteger.Zero, BigInteger.One);
-        tester.ResetStateTracking();
+                tester.IsPrime(7UL, out divisorsExhausted).Should().BeTrue();
+                divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
 
-        tester.IsPrime(5UL, out bool divisorsExhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-        divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
+                tester.IsPrime(11UL, out divisorsExhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+                divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+        }
 
-        tester.IsPrime(7UL, out divisorsExhausted, out divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-        divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+        public void ByDivisor_session_checks_divisors_across_primes()
+        {
+                var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTester();
+                tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(13UL);
 
-        tester.IsPrime(11UL, out divisorsExhausted, out divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-        divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
-    }
+                var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+                try
+                {
+                        ulong[] primes = { 5UL, 7UL, 11UL, 13UL };
+                        byte[] hits = new byte[primes.Length];
 
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ByDivisor_session_checks_divisors_across_primes()
-    {
-        var session = new MersenneCpuDivisorScanSessionWithCpuOrder();
+                        ulong cycle23 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(23UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(23UL));
+                        session.CheckDivisor(23UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(23UL), cycle23, primes, hits);
+                        hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 0, 1, 0 });
 
-        ulong[] primes = [5UL, 7UL, 11UL, 13UL];
+                        Array.Fill(hits, (byte)0);
+                        ulong cycle31 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(31UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(31UL));
+                        session.CheckDivisor(31UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(31UL), cycle31, primes, hits);
+                        hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 1, 0, 0, 0 });
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                        session.Dispose();
+                }
+        }
 
-        ulong cycle23 = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(23UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(23UL));
-        session.CheckDivisor(23UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(23UL), cycle23, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+        public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_seven_as_composite()
+        {
+                var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTester();
+                tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-        ulong[] primesWithoutHit = [5UL, 7UL, 13UL];
-        session.CheckDivisor(23UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(23UL), cycle23, primesWithoutHit).Should().BeFalse();
+                var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+                try
+                {
+                        ulong[] exponents = { 6UL, 7UL, 9UL, 10UL, 12UL };
+                        byte[] hits = new byte[exponents.Length];
 
-        ulong cycle31 = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(31UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(31UL));
-        session.CheckDivisor(31UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(31UL), cycle31, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+                        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(7UL);
+                        ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(7UL, divisorData);
+                        session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents, hits);
 
-        ulong[] primesBeforeHit = [7UL, 11UL, 13UL];
-        session.CheckDivisor(31UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(31UL), cycle31, primesBeforeHit).Should().BeFalse();
-    }
+                        hits.Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 });
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                        session.Dispose();
+                }
+        }
 
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_seven_as_composite()
-    {
-        var session = new MersenneCpuDivisorScanSessionWithCpuOrder();
+        [Fact]
+        [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+        public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_eleven_as_composite()
+        {
+                var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTester();
+                tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(61UL);
 
-        ulong[] exponents = [6UL, 7UL, 9UL, 10UL, 12UL];
+                var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+                try
+                {
+                        ulong[] exponents = { 10UL, 11UL, 20UL, 21UL, 30UL };
+                        byte[] hits = new byte[exponents.Length];
 
-        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(7UL);
-        ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(7UL, divisorData);
-        session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents).Should().BeTrue();
-
-        ulong[] nonDivisibleExponents = [5UL, 11UL];
-        session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, nonDivisibleExponents).Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_eleven_as_composite()
-    {
-        var session = new MersenneCpuDivisorScanSessionWithCpuOrder();
-
-        ulong[] exponents = [10UL, 11UL, 20UL, 21UL, 30UL];
-
-        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(11UL);
-        ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(11UL, divisorData);
-        session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents).Should().BeTrue();
-
-        ulong[] nonDivisibleExponents = [5UL, 17UL];
-        session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, nonDivisibleExponents).Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void ByDivisor_does_not_mark_mersenne_prime_as_composite_via_self_divisor()
-    {
-        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithCpuOrder();
-
-        tester.DivisorLimit = (BigInteger.One << 30) - BigInteger.One;
-        BigInteger kSelf = ((BigInteger.One << 31) - 2) / 62; // (2^p - 2) / (2p) for p=31.
-
-        tester.ResumeFromState(Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "bydivisor-selfdivisor.bin"), BigInteger.Zero, kSelf);
-        tester.ResetStateTracking();
-
-	    tester.IsPrime(31UL, out bool divisorsExhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-	    divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-	    divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
-    }
-
-    [Theory]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    [InlineData(127UL, 127, true)]
-    [InlineData(127UL, 89, false)]
-    [InlineData(89UL, 61, false)]
-    public void IsMersenneValue_flags_only_matching_exponent_as_trivial(ulong prime, int exponent, bool expected)
-    {
-        BigInteger divisor = (BigInteger.One << exponent) - BigInteger.One;
-        InvokeIsMersenneValue(prime, divisor).Should().Be(expected);
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void IsMersenneValue_ignores_mersenne_shaped_divisors_above_prime()
-    {
-        ulong prime = 89UL;
-        BigInteger divisor = (BigInteger.One << 101) - BigInteger.One;
-        InvokeIsMersenneValue(prime, divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-    }
-
-    private static bool InvokeIsMersenneValue(ulong prime, BigInteger divisor)
-    {
-        MethodInfo? method = typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTesterWithCpuOrder)
-            .GetMethod("IsMersenneValue", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
-
-        method.Should().NotBeNull("IsMersenneValue should exist as a private static helper on the tester type.");
-        return (bool)method!.Invoke(null, new object[] { prime, divisor })!;
-    }
+                        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(11UL);
+                        ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(11UL, divisorData);
+                        session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents, hits);
 
+                        hits.Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 });
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                        session.Dispose();
+                }
+        }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,402 +1,352 @@
-using System.Numerics;
 using System.Reflection;
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTesterTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(33UL, 7UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(35UL, 31UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(37UL, 223UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(33UL, 13UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(35UL, 73UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(37UL, 227UL, false)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsDivisible_returns_expected(ulong exponent, ulong divisor, bool expected)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
-		ReadOnlyGpuUInt128 divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor);
-		tester.IsDivisible(exponent, in divisorValue).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(33UL, 7UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(35UL, 31UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(37UL, 223UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(33UL, 13UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(35UL, 73UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(37UL, 227UL, false)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsDivisible_returns_expected(ulong exponent, ulong divisor, bool expected)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
+        ReadOnlyGpuUInt128 divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor);
+        tester.IsDivisible(exponent, in divisorValue).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsDivisible_handles_large_divisors()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
-		UInt128 divisor = (UInt128.One << 65) - UInt128.One;
-		ReadOnlyGpuUInt128 divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor);
-		tester.IsDivisible(65UL, in divisorValue).Should().BeTrue();
-		divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor + 2); // Reusing divisorValue for the shifted candidate.
-		tester.IsDivisible(65UL, in divisorValue).Should().BeFalse();
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsDivisible_handles_large_divisors()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
+        UInt128 divisor = (UInt128.One << 65) - UInt128.One;
+        ReadOnlyGpuUInt128 divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor);
+        tester.IsDivisible(65UL, in divisorValue).Should().BeTrue();
+        divisorValue = new ReadOnlyGpuUInt128(divisor + 2); // Reusing divisorValue for the shifted candidate.
+        tester.IsDivisible(65UL, in divisorValue).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrime_sets_divisorsExhausted_false_when_search_range_not_exhausted()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
-		typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester)
-			.GetField("_divisorCandidates", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!
-			.SetValue(null, Array.Empty<(ulong, uint)>());
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrime_sets_divisorsExhausted_false_when_search_range_not_exhausted()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
+        typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester)
+            .GetField("_divisorCandidates", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)!
+            .SetValue(null, Array.Empty<(ulong, uint)>());
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsPrime(gpu, 31UL, UInt128.Zero, 0UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeTrue();
-			divisorsExhausted.Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        tester.IsPrime(31UL, UInt128.Zero, 0UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeTrue();
+        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrime_sets_divisorsExhausted_true_when_divisible_by_specified_divisor()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsPrime(gpu, 35UL, 31UL, 0UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeFalse();
-			divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrime_sets_divisorsExhausted_true_when_divisible_by_specified_divisor()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.IsPrime(35UL, 31UL, 0UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrime_accepts_large_search_limits()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsPrime(gpu, 35UL, 31UL, ulong.MaxValue, out bool exhausted).Should().BeFalse();
-			exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrime_accepts_large_search_limits()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.IsPrime(35UL, 31UL, ulong.MaxValue, out bool exhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 
-	private static void ConfigureByDivisorTester(MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester tester, ulong maxPrime)
-	{
-		tester.PrepareCandidates(maxPrime, ReadOnlySpan<ulong>.Empty, Span<ulong>.Empty);
-		tester.ResumeFromState(Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "bydivisor-gpu-tests.bin"), BigInteger.Zero, BigInteger.One);
-		tester.ResetStateTracking();
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_tester_tracks_divisors_across_primes()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_tester_tracks_divisors_across_primes()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 43UL);
+        tester.IsPrime(31UL, out bool exhausted).Should().BeTrue();
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
 
-		tester.IsPrime(31UL, out bool exhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-		exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
+        tester.IsPrime(37UL, out exhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
 
-		tester.IsPrime(37UL, out exhausted, out divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-		exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
+        tester.IsPrime(43UL, out exhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 
-		tester.IsPrime(43UL, out exhausted, out divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-		exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_tester_defaults_to_zero_limit_before_configuration()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_tester_defaults_to_zero_limit_before_prepare_candidates()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		tester.DivisorLimit.Should().Be(0UL);
+        tester.DivisorLimit.Should().Be(0UL);
 
-		ulong[] primes = [31UL, 37UL];
-		ulong[] allowed = new ulong[primes.Length];
-		tester.PrepareCandidates(maxPrime: 37UL, primes, allowed);
+        ulong[] primes = { 31UL, 37UL };
+        ulong[] allowed = new ulong[primes.Length];
 
-		tester.DivisorLimit.Should().BeGreaterThan(0UL);
-		allowed.Should().OnlyContain(value => value > 0UL);
-	}
+        tester.PrepareCandidates(primes, allowed);
+        allowed.Should().OnlyContain(value => value == 0UL);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_tester_respects_filter_based_limit()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 41UL);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_tester_respects_filter_based_limit()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(41UL);
 
-		tester.IsPrime(31UL, out _, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
+        tester.IsPrime(31UL, out _).Should().BeTrue();
+        tester.IsPrime(37UL, out bool exhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
 
-		tester.IsPrime(37UL, out bool exhausted, out divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-		exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
+        tester.IsPrime(41UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 
-		tester.IsPrime(41UL, out bool divisorsExhausted, out divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-		divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
-	}
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(71UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(89UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(127UL, true)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_tester_matches_incremental_expectations(ulong exponent, bool expectedPrime)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: exponent);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(71UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(89UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(127UL, true)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_tester_matches_incremental_expectations(ulong exponent, bool expectedPrime)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(exponent);
 
-		tester.IsPrime(exponent, out bool exhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+        tester.IsPrime(exponent, out bool exhausted).Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+        exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_gpu_tester_uses_cycle_remainders_per_divisor()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester
+        {
+            GpuBatchSize = 8,
+        };
 
-		exhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-		if (expectedPrime)
-		{
-			divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
-		}
-	}
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_gpu_tester_uses_cycle_remainders_per_divisor()
-	{
-		int originalBatchSize = EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize;
-		try
-		{
-			EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize = 8;
-			var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-			ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 43UL);
+        tester.IsPrime(41UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeFalse();
+        divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 
-			tester.IsPrime(41UL, out bool divisorsExhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeFalse();
-			divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-			divisor.Should().BeGreaterThan(BigInteger.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize = originalBatchSize;
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_session_computes_cycle_when_zero_is_provided()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_session_computes_cycle_when_zero_is_provided()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 43UL);
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] primes = { 31UL, 37UL, 41UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[primes.Length];
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession(gpu);
+            session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), 0UL, primes, hits);
 
-			ulong[] primes = [31UL, 37UL, 41UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), 0UL, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+            hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 1, 0 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-			ulong[] primesWithoutHit = [31UL, 41UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), 0UL, primesWithoutHit).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_session_checks_divisors_across_primes()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_session_checks_divisors_across_primes()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 43UL);
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] primes = { 31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[primes.Length];
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession(gpu);
+            ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
+            session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes, hits);
+            hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 1, 0, 0 });
 
-			ulong[] primes = [31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL];
+            Array.Fill(hits, (byte)0);
+            ulong cycle13367 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(13367UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13367UL));
+            session.CheckDivisor(13367UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13367UL), cycle13367, primes, hits);
+            hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 0, 1, 0 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-			ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
-			session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_gpu_session_reuses_cycle_remainders_across_batches()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester
+        {
+            GpuBatchSize = 2,
+        };
 
-			ulong[] primesBeforeHit = [31UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primesBeforeHit).Should().BeFalse();
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(47UL);
 
-			ulong cycle13367 = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 13367UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13367UL));
-			session.CheckDivisor(13367UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13367UL), cycle13367, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] primes = { 31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL, 47UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[primes.Length];
 
-			ulong[] primesWithoutMatchingExponent = [31UL, 37UL, 43UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(13367UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13367UL), cycle13367, primesWithoutMatchingExponent).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+            ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
+            session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes, hits);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_gpu_session_reuses_cycle_remainders_across_batches()
-	{
-		int originalBatchSize = EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize;
-		try
-		{
-			EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize = 2;
-			var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-			ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 47UL);
+            hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-			var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-			try
-			{
-				var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession(gpu);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_seven_as_composite()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester
+        {
+            GpuBatchSize = 5,
+        };
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(43UL);
 
-				ulong[] primes = [31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL, 47UL];
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] exponents = { 6UL, 7UL, 9UL, 10UL, 12UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[exponents.Length];
 
-				ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
-				session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes).Should().BeTrue();
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(7UL);
+            ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(7UL, divisorData);
 
-				ulong[] primesBeforeHit = [31UL];
-				session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primesBeforeHit).Should().BeFalse();
-			}
-			finally
-			{
-				PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			}
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			EnvironmentConfiguration.GpuBatchSize = originalBatchSize;
-		}
-	}
+            session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents, hits);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_seven_as_composite()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 43UL);
+            hits.Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession(gpu);
-			ulong[] exponents = [6UL, 7UL, 9UL, 10UL, 12UL];
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_eleven_as_composite()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester
+        {
+            GpuBatchSize = 5,
+        };
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(61UL);
 
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(7UL);
-			ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 7UL, divisorData);
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] exponents = { 10UL, 11UL, 20UL, 21UL, 30UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[exponents.Length];
 
-			session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents).Should().BeTrue();
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(11UL);
+            ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(11UL, divisorData);
 
-			ulong[] nonDivisibleExponents = [5UL, 11UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(7UL, divisorData, cycle, nonDivisibleExponents).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+            session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents, hits);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_session_marks_mersenne_numbers_divisible_by_eleven_as_composite()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-		ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 61UL);
+            hits.Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession(gpu);
-			ulong[] exponents = [10UL, 11UL, 20UL, 21UL, 30UL];
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_gpu_tester_skips_divisors_excluded_by_small_cycle_generation()
+    {
+        var cycles = MersenneDivisorCycles.Shared;
+        var tableField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCycles).GetField("_table", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
+        var smallCyclesField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCycles).GetField("_smallCycles", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
 
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(11UL);
-			ulong cycle = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 11UL, divisorData);
+        var originalTable = (List<(ulong Divisor, ulong Cycle)>)tableField.GetValue(cycles)!;
+        var originalSmall = (ulong[]?)smallCyclesField.GetValue(cycles);
 
-			session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, exponents).Should().BeTrue();
+        try
+        {
+            var patchedTable = new List<(ulong Divisor, ulong Cycle)>();
+            ulong[] patchedSmall = new ulong[PerfectNumberConstants.MaxQForDivisorCycles + 1];
 
-			ulong[] nonDivisibleExponents = [5UL, 17UL];
-			session.CheckDivisor(11UL, divisorData, cycle, nonDivisibleExponents).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+            MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(191UL);
+            patchedSmall[191] = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(191UL, divisorData);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_gpu_tester_skips_divisors_excluded_by_small_cycle_generation()
-	{
-		var cycles = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.Shared;
-		var tableField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu).GetField("_table", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
-		var smallCyclesField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu).GetField("_smallCycles", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
+            tableField.SetValue(cycles, patchedTable);
+            smallCyclesField.SetValue(cycles, patchedSmall);
+            DivisorCycleCache.Shared.RefreshSnapshot();
 
-		var originalTable = (List<(ulong Divisor, ulong Cycle)>)tableField.GetValue(cycles)!;
-		var originalSmall = (ulong[]?)smallCyclesField.GetValue(cycles);
+            var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
+            tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(19UL);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var patchedTable = new List<(ulong Divisor, ulong Cycle)>();
-			ulong[] patchedSmall = new ulong[PerfectNumberConstants.MaxQForDivisorCycles + 1];
+            typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester)
+                .GetField("_divisorLimit", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!
+                .SetValue(tester, 200UL);
 
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(191UL);
-			patchedSmall[191] = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.CalculateCycleLength(gpu, 191UL, divisorData);
+            tester.IsPrime(19UL, out bool divisorsExhausted).Should().BeTrue();
+            divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            tableField.SetValue(cycles, originalTable);
+            smallCyclesField.SetValue(cycles, originalSmall);
+            DivisorCycleCache.Shared.RefreshSnapshot();
+            GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
+        }
+    }
 
-			tableField.SetValue(cycles, patchedTable);
-			smallCyclesField.SetValue(cycles, patchedSmall);
-			DivisorCycleCache.Shared.RefreshSnapshot();
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ByDivisor_cpu_session_reuses_cycle_remainders_across_primes()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorCpuTester
+        {
+            BatchSize = 2,
+        };
 
-			var tester = new MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester();
-			ConfigureByDivisorTester(tester, maxPrime: 19UL);
+        tester.ConfigureFromMaxPrime(47UL);
 
-			typeof(MersenneNumberDivisorByDivisorGpuTester)
-				.GetField("_divisorLimit", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!
-				.SetValue(tester, 200UL);
+        var session = tester.CreateDivisorSession();
+        try
+        {
+            ulong[] primes = { 31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL, 47UL };
+            byte[] hits = new byte[primes.Length];
 
-			tester.IsPrime(19UL, out bool divisorsExhausted, out BigInteger divisor).Should().BeTrue();
-			divisorsExhausted.Should().BeTrue();
-			divisor.Should().Be(BigInteger.Zero);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-			tableField.SetValue(cycles, originalTable);
-			smallCyclesField.SetValue(cycles, originalSmall);
-			DivisorCycleCache.Shared.RefreshSnapshot();
-		}
-	}
+            ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCycles.CalculateCycleLength(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
+            session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes, hits);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ByDivisor_cpu_session_checks_divisors_across_primes()
-	{
-		var session = new MersenneCpuDivisorScanSessionWithCpuOrder();
-
-		ulong[] primes = [31UL, 37UL, 41UL, 43UL, 47UL];
-		ulong cycle223 = MersenneDivisorCyclesCpu.CalculateCycleLength(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL));
-		session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primes).Should().BeTrue();
-
-		ulong[] primesBeforeHit = [31UL];
-		session.CheckDivisor(223UL, MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(223UL), cycle223, primesBeforeHit).Should().BeFalse();
-	}
+            hits.Should().ContainInOrder(new byte[] { 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 });
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            session.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
 }
+

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;
 
@@ -8,38 +8,30 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTesterTests
 {
-	private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
+    private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(GpuKernelType.Incremental)]
-	[InlineData(GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(GpuKernelType type)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTester(type);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(GpuKernelType.Incremental)]
+    [InlineData(GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(GpuKernelType type)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTester(type);
 
-		if (type == GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)
-		{
-			RunCase(tester, 11UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
-			RunCase(tester, 71UL, 341_860UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		}
+        if (type == GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)
+        {
+            RunCase(tester, 11UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
+            RunCase(tester, 71UL, 341_860UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        }
 
-		RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-		RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-	}
+        RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+        RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+    }
 
-	private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
-	{
-		bool isPrime = true;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.Scan(gpu, exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
-			isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberIncrementalCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
+    {
+        bool isPrime = true;
+        tester.Scan(exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
+        isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberIncrementalGpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberOrderCpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;
 
@@ -8,39 +8,31 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberOrderCpuTesterTests
 {
-	private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
+    private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(GpuKernelType.Incremental)]
-	[InlineData(GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(GpuKernelType type)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberOrderCpuTester(type);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(GpuKernelType.Incremental)]
+    [InlineData(GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(GpuKernelType type)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberOrderCpuTester(type);
 
-		if (type == GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)
-		{
-			RunCase(tester, 23UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
-			RunCase(tester, 29UL, 36UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		}
+        if (type == GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod)
+        {
+            RunCase(tester, 23UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
+            RunCase(tester, 29UL, 36UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        }
 
-		RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-		RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-	}
+        RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+        RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+    }
 
-	private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberOrderCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
-	{
-		bool isPrime = true;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.Scan(gpu, exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
-			isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberOrderCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
+    {
+        bool isPrime = true;
+        tester.Scan(exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
+        isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberOrderGpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System.Reflection;
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;
@@ -45,15 +46,16 @@ public class MersenneNumberOrderGpuTesterTests
                 writer.Write((ulong)uint.MaxValue);
             }
 
-            var cycles = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.Shared;
-            var tableField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu).GetField("_table", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
-            var smallCyclesField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu).GetField("_smallCycles", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
+            var cycles = MersenneDivisorCycles.Shared;
+            var tableField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCycles).GetField("_table", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
+            var smallCyclesField = typeof(MersenneDivisorCycles).GetField("_smallCycles", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance)!;
 
             var originalTable = ((List<(ulong Divisor, ulong Cycle)>)tableField.GetValue(cycles)!).Select(x => x).ToList();
             var originalSmall = (ulong[]?)smallCyclesField.GetValue(cycles);
             ulong[]? backupSmall = originalSmall is null ? null : (ulong[])originalSmall.Clone();
 
             cycles.LoadFrom(tempPath);
+            GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
 
             try
             {
@@ -73,6 +75,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberOrderGpuTesterTests
             {
                 tableField.SetValue(cycles, originalTable);
                 smallCyclesField.SetValue(cycles, backupSmall);
+                GpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
             }
         }
         finally
@@ -88,3 +91,4 @@ public class MersenneNumberOrderGpuTesterTests
         isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
     }
 }
+

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberResidueCpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Cpu;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;
@@ -7,25 +8,24 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberResidueCpuTesterTests
 {
-	private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
+    private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberResidueCpuTester();
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberResidueCpuTester();
 
-		RunCase(tester, 23UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		RunCase(tester, 29UL, 36UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-		RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-	}
+        RunCase(tester, 23UL, 1UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        RunCase(tester, 29UL, 36UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+        RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+    }
 
-	private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberResidueCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
-	{
-		bool isPrime = true;
-		tester.Scan(exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
-
-		isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
-	}
+    private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberResidueCpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
+    {
+        bool isPrime = true;
+        tester.Scan(exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
+        isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberResidueGpuTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 using UInt128 = System.UInt128;
 
@@ -8,36 +8,27 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class MersenneNumberResidueGpuTesterTests
 {
-	private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
+    private static LastDigit GetLastDigit(ulong exponent) => (exponent & 3UL) == 3UL ? LastDigit.Seven : LastDigit.One;
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(false)]
-	[InlineData(true)]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(bool useGpuOrder)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester(useGpuOrder);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(false)]
+    [InlineData(true)]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Scan_handles_various_prime_exponents(bool useGpuOrder)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester(useGpuOrder);
 
-		RunCase(tester, 23UL, 2UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		RunCase(tester, 29UL, 37UL, expectedPrime: false);
-		RunCase(tester, 31UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
-		RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_001UL, expectedPrime: true);
-		RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_001UL, expectedPrime: true);
-	}
+        RunCase(tester, 23UL, 2UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        RunCase(tester, 29UL, 37UL, expectedPrime: false);
+        RunCase(tester, 31UL, 1_000UL, expectedPrime: true);
+        RunCase(tester, 89UL, 1_001UL, expectedPrime: true);
+        RunCase(tester, 127UL, 1_001UL, expectedPrime: true);
+    }
 
-	private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
-	{
-		bool isPrime = true;
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.Scan(gpu, exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
-
-			isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    private static void RunCase(MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester tester, ulong exponent, ulong maxK, bool expectedPrime)
+    {
+        bool isPrime = true;
+        tester.Scan(exponent, (UInt128)exponent << 1, GetLastDigit(exponent), (UInt128)maxK, ref isPrime);
+        isPrime.Should().Be(expectedPrime);
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberTester/MersenneNumberTesterTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
@@ -8,81 +7,30 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class MersenneNumberTesterTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(136_000_002UL)]
-	[InlineData(136_000_005UL)]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_detects_small_prime_divisors_for_large_exponents(ulong p)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberTesterForIncrementalCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsMersennePrime(gpu, p).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(136_000_002UL)]
+    [InlineData(136_000_005UL)]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_detects_small_prime_divisors_for_large_exponents(ulong p)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberTester();
+        tester.IsMersennePrime(p).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(125UL)]
-	public void WarmUpOrdersCpu_populates_cache_without_affecting_results(ulong p)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberTesterForIncrementalCalculationMethodForEnabledCacheStatusForGpuOrderDeviceForCpu();
-		tester.WarmUpOrders(p, 1_000UL);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsMersennePrime(gpu, p).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(125UL)]
+    public void WarmUpOrders_populates_cache_without_affecting_results(ulong p)
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberTester(useOrderCache: true, useGpuOrder: true);
+        tester.WarmUpOrders(p, 1_000UL);
+        tester.IsMersennePrime(p).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(125UL)]
-	public void WarmUpOrdersGpu_populates_cache_without_affecting_results(ulong p)
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberTesterForIncrementalCalculationMethodForEnabledCacheStatusForGpuOrderDeviceForGpu();
-		tester.WarmUpOrders(p, 1_000UL);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsMersennePrime(gpu, p).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
-
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(125UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(127UL, false)]
-	public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneCpu_detects_common_factors(ulong p, bool expected)
-	{
-		p.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneCpu().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
-
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(125UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(127UL, false)]
-	public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneGpu_detects_common_factors(ulong p, bool expected)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			p.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneGpu(gpu).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(125UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(127UL, false)]
+    public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOne_detects_common_factors(ulong p, bool expected)
+    {
+        p.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOne().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 }
 
-
-

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/MersenneNumberTester/MersenneResidueModeTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
@@ -7,37 +6,27 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class MersenneResidueModeTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_residue_mode_rejects_composite_exponent()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu();
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsMersennePrime(gpu, 136_000_002UL).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_residue_mode_rejects_composite_exponent()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useResidue: true,
+            useIncremental: false,
+            useGpuScan: false,
+            useGpuOrder: false);
+        tester.IsMersennePrime(136_000_002UL).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsMersennePrime_residue_mode_accepts_prime_exponent()
-	{
-		var tester = new MersenneNumberTesterForResidueCalculationMethodForDisabledCacheStatusForCpuOrderDeviceForCpu(
-			maxK: 1_000UL);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tester.IsMersennePrime(gpu, 31UL).Should().BeTrue();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsMersennePrime_residue_mode_accepts_prime_exponent()
+    {
+        var tester = new MersenneNumberTester(
+            useResidue: true,
+            useIncremental: true,
+            useGpuScan: false,
+            useGpuOrder: false,
+            maxK: 1_000UL);
+        tester.IsMersennePrime(31UL).Should().BeTrue();
+    }
 }
 
-
-

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/ModResidueTrackerTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
@@ -7,150 +6,61 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class ModResidueTrackerTests
 {
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsDivisibleCpu_advances_residue_for_identity()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsDivisible_advances_residue_for_identity()
+    {
+        var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
 
-		tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(5, 2).Should().BeFalse();
-		tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(6, 2).Should().BeTrue();
-		tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(7, 2).Should().BeFalse();
-	}
+        tracker.IsDivisible(5, 2).Should().BeFalse();
+        tracker.IsDivisible(6, 2).Should().BeTrue();
+        tracker.IsDivisible(7, 2).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsDivisibleGpu_advances_residue_for_identity()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(3UL, 7UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(5UL, 31UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(5UL, 7UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(11UL, 23UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(11UL, 31UL, false)]
+    public void IsDivisible_handles_mersenne_model(ulong p, ulong divisor, bool expected)
+    {
+        var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Mersenne);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, 5, 2).Should().BeFalse();
-			tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, 6, 2).Should().BeTrue();
-			tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, 7, 2).Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        tracker.IsDivisible(p, divisor).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(3UL, 7UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, 31UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, 7UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 23UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 31UL, false)]
-	public void IsDivisibleCpu_handles_mersenne_model(ulong p, ulong divisor, bool expected)
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Mersenne);
-		tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(p, divisor).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void MergeOrAppend_tracks_existing_and_new_divisors()
+    {
+        var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(3UL, 7UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, 31UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(5UL, 7UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 23UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 31UL, false)]
-	public void IsDivisibleGpu_handles_mersenne_model(ulong p, ulong divisor, bool expected)
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Mersenne);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
+        tracker.BeginMerge(10);
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(10, 3, out bool d3).Should().BeTrue();
+        d3.Should().BeFalse();
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(10, 5, out bool d5).Should().BeTrue();
+        d5.Should().BeTrue();
 
-		try
-		{
-			tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, p, divisor).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        tracker.BeginMerge(10);
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(10, 4, out bool d4).Should().BeTrue();
+        d4.Should().BeFalse();
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void MergeOrAppendCpu_tracks_existing_and_new_divisors()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
+        tracker.BeginMerge(11);
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(11, 3, out d3).Should().BeTrue();
+        d3.Should().BeFalse();
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(11, 4, out d4).Should().BeTrue();
+        d4.Should().BeFalse();
+        tracker.MergeOrAppend(11, 5, out d5).Should().BeTrue();
+        d5.Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-		tracker.BeginMerge(10);
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(10, 3, out bool d3).Should().BeTrue();
-		d3.Should().BeFalse();
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(10, 5, out bool d5).Should().BeTrue();
-		d5.Should().BeTrue();
+    [Fact]
+    public void IsDivisible_requires_non_decreasing_numbers()
+    {
+        var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
+        tracker.IsDivisible(5, 2);
 
-		tracker.BeginMerge(10);
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(10, 4, out bool d4).Should().BeTrue();
-		d4.Should().BeFalse();
-
-		tracker.BeginMerge(11);
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(11, 3, out d3).Should().BeTrue();
-		d3.Should().BeFalse();
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(11, 4, out d4).Should().BeTrue();
-		d4.Should().BeFalse();
-		tracker.MergeOrAppendCpu(11, 5, out d5).Should().BeTrue();
-		d5.Should().BeFalse();
-	}
-
-	[Fact]
-	public void MergeOrAppendGpu_tracks_existing_and_new_divisors()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-
-		try
-		{
-			tracker.BeginMerge(10);
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 10, 3, out bool d3).Should().BeTrue();
-			d3.Should().BeFalse();
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 10, 5, out bool d5).Should().BeTrue();
-			d5.Should().BeTrue();
-
-			tracker.BeginMerge(10);
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 10, 4, out bool d4).Should().BeTrue();
-			d4.Should().BeFalse();
-
-			tracker.BeginMerge(11);
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 11, 3, out d3).Should().BeTrue();
-			d3.Should().BeFalse();
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 11, 4, out d4).Should().BeTrue();
-			d4.Should().BeFalse();
-			tracker.MergeOrAppendGpu(gpu, 11, 5, out d5).Should().BeTrue();
-			d5.Should().BeFalse();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
-
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsDivisibleCpu_requires_non_decreasing_numbers()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
-
-		tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(5, 2);
-
-		Action act = () => tracker.IsDivisibleCpu(4, 2);
-		act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>();
-	}
-
-	[Fact]
-	public void IsDivisibleGpu_requires_non_decreasing_numbers()
-	{
-		var tracker = new ModResidueTracker(ResidueModel.Identity);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, 5, 2);
-
-			Action act = () => tracker.IsDivisibleGpu(gpu, 4, 2);
-			act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>();
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        Action act = () => tracker.IsDivisible(4, 2);
+        act.Should().Throw<InvalidOperationException>();
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests.csproj

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
     <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
     <IsPackable>false</IsPackable>

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/PollingSemaphoreTests.cs

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-using FluentAssertions;
-using Xunit;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
-
-public class PollingSemaphoreTests
-{
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void TryEnter_AllowsConfiguredConcurrency()
-    {
-        var semaphore = new PollingSemaphore(2, TimeSpan.Zero);
-
-        semaphore.TryEnter().Should().BeTrue();
-        semaphore.TryEnter().Should().BeTrue();
-        semaphore.TryEnter().Should().BeFalse();
-
-        semaphore.Release();
-        semaphore.Release();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public async Task Wait_BlocksUntilRelease()
-    {
-        var semaphore = new PollingSemaphore(1, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1));
-
-        semaphore.TryEnter().Should().BeTrue();
-
-        Task<bool> waiter = Task.Run(() => semaphore.Wait(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(200)));
-
-        await Task.Delay(20);
-        semaphore.Release();
-
-        bool entered = await waiter;
-        entered.Should().BeTrue();
-
-        semaphore.Release();
-    }
-
-    [Fact]
-    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-    public void Wait_ReturnsFalseWhenTimeoutHits()
-    {
-        var semaphore = new PollingSemaphore(1, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(2));
-
-        semaphore.TryEnter().Should().BeTrue();
-
-        bool acquired = semaphore.Wait(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(30));
-
-        acquired.Should().BeFalse();
-
-        semaphore.Release();
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/PrimeOrderCalculatorTests.cs

@@ -1,228 +1,198 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class PrimeOrderCalculatorTests
 {
-	public static IEnumerable<object[]> SmallPrimes()
-	{
-		yield return new object[] { 3UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 5UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 7UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 11UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 13UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 17UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 19UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 31UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 61UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 89UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 127UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 521UL };
-	}
+    public static IEnumerable<object[]> SmallPrimes()
+    {
+        yield return new object[] { 3UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 5UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 7UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 11UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 13UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 17UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 19UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 31UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 61UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 89UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 127UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 521UL };
+    }
 
-	public static IEnumerable<object[]> PrimesWithPrevious()
-	{
-		yield return new object[] { 5UL, 3UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 7UL, 5UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 11UL, 7UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 13UL, 11UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 17UL, 13UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 19UL, 17UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 31UL, 29UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 61UL, 59UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 89UL, 83UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 127UL, 113UL };
-		yield return new object[] { 521UL, 509UL };
-	}
+    public static IEnumerable<object[]> PrimesWithPrevious()
+    {
+        yield return new object[] { 5UL, 3UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 7UL, 5UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 11UL, 7UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 13UL, 11UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 17UL, 13UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 19UL, 17UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 31UL, 29UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 61UL, 59UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 89UL, 83UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 127UL, 113UL };
+        yield return new object[] { 521UL, 509UL };
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[MemberData(nameof(SmallPrimes))]
-	public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_matches_naive_cycle_length(ulong prime)
-	{
-		ulong expected = ComputeOrderByDoubling(prime);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [MemberData(nameof(SmallPrimes))]
+    public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_matches_naive_cycle_length(ulong prime)
+    {
+        ulong expected = ComputeOrderByDoubling(prime);
 
-		ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-			gpu,
-			prime,
-			previousOrder: null,
-			MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.HeuristicDefault);
+        ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
+            PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.HeuristicDefault,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+        result.Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		result.Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [MemberData(nameof(PrimesWithPrevious))]
+    public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_matches_strict_mode_even_with_previous_order(ulong prime, ulong previousPrime)
+    {
+        ulong previousOrder = ComputeOrderByDoubling(previousPrime);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[MemberData(nameof(PrimesWithPrevious))]
-	public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_matches_strict_mode_even_with_previous_order(ulong prime, ulong previousPrime)
-	{
-		ulong previousOrder = ComputeOrderByDoubling(previousPrime);
+        ulong heuristic = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime,
+            previousOrder,
+            MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
+            PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.HeuristicDefault,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		ulong heuristic = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-			gpu,
-			prime,
-			previousOrder,
-			MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.HeuristicDefault);
+        ulong strict = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
+            PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.StrictDefault,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-		ulong strict = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-			gpu,
-			prime,
-			previousOrder: null,
-			MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.StrictDefault);
+        heuristic.Should().Be(strict);
+    }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 1UL)]
+    [InlineData(3UL, 2UL)]
+    public void Calculate_handles_trivial_primes(ulong prime, ulong expectedOrder)
+    {
+        ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
+            PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.HeuristicDefault,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-		heuristic.Should().Be(strict);
-	}
+        result.Should().Be(expectedOrder);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 1UL)]
-	[InlineData(3UL, 2UL)]
-	public void Calculate_handles_trivial_primes(ulong prime, ulong expectedOrder)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-			gpu,
-			prime,
-			previousOrder: null,
-			MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(prime),
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.HeuristicDefault);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_returns_unresolved_when_phi_cannot_be_factored()
+    {
+        var config = new PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig(
+            smallFactorLimit: 1,
+            pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
+            maxPowChecks: 8,
+            mode: PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderMode.Heuristic);
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		result.Should().Be(expectedOrder);
-	}
+        ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime: 13UL,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13UL),
+            config,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_returns_unresolved_when_phi_cannot_be_factored()
-	{
-		var config = new PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig(
-			smallFactorLimit: 1,
-			pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
-			maxPowChecks: 8,
-			strictMode: false);
+        result.Should().Be(ComputeOrderByDoubling(13UL));
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		ulong result = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-			gpu,
-			prime: 13UL,
-			previousOrder: null,
-			MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(13UL),
-			config);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_attempts_candidates_before_falling_back_to_strict_mode()
+    {
+        var heuristicConfig = new PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig(
+            smallFactorLimit: 2,
+            pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
+            maxPowChecks: 1,
+            mode: PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderMode.Heuristic);
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		result.Should().Be(ComputeOrderByDoubling(13UL));
-	}
+        MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(239UL);
+        ulong heuristic = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime: 239UL,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            divisorData,
+            heuristicConfig,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Calculate_heuristic_mode_attempts_candidates_before_falling_back_to_strict_mode()
-	{
-		var heuristicConfig = new PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig(
-			smallFactorLimit: 2,
-			pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
-			maxPowChecks: 1,
-			strictMode: false);
+        heuristic.Should().Be(ComputeOrderByDoubling(239UL));
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData = MontgomeryDivisorData.FromModulus(239UL);
-			ulong heuristic = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-				gpu,
-				prime: 239UL,
-				previousOrder: null,
-				divisorData,
-				heuristicConfig);
+        var strictConfig = new PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig(
+            smallFactorLimit: 2,
+            pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
+            maxPowChecks: 1,
+            mode: PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderMode.Strict);
 
-			heuristic.Should().Be(ComputeOrderByDoubling(239UL));
+        ulong strict = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+            prime: 239UL,
+            previousOrder: null,
+            divisorData,
+            strictConfig,
+			      PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-			var strictConfig = new PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig(
-				smallFactorLimit: 2,
-				pollardRhoMilliseconds: 0,
-				maxPowChecks: 1,
-				strictMode: true);
+        strict.Should().Be(heuristic);
+    }
 
-			ulong strict = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-				gpu,
-				prime: 239UL,
-				previousOrder: null,
-				divisorData,
-				strictConfig);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Calculate_handles_128_bit_prime()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = UInt128.Parse("18446744073709641691");
 
-			strict.Should().Be(heuristic);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        UInt128 result = PrimeOrderCalculator.Calculate(
+                prime,
+                previousOrder: null,
+                PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderSearchConfig.HeuristicDefault,
+                PrimeOrderCalculator.PrimeOrderHeuristicDevice.Gpu);
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Calculate_handles_128_bit_prime()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = UInt128.Parse("18446744073709641691");
+        result.Should().Be((UInt128)1229782938247309446UL);
+    }
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		UInt128 result = PrimeOrderCalculatorGpu.Calculate(
-				gpu,
-				prime,
-				previousOrder: null,
-				PrimeOrderCalculatorConfig.HeuristicDefault);
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void GetCycle_uses_wide_prime_heuristic()
+    {
+        UInt128 prime = UInt128.Parse("18446744073709641691");
+        MersenneDivisorCycles.GetCycle(prime).Should().Be((UInt128)1229782938247309446UL);
+    }
 
-		PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		result.Should().Be((UInt128)1229782938247309446UL);
-	}
+    private static ulong ComputeOrderByDoubling(ulong prime)
+    {
+        if (prime == 2UL)
+        {
+            return 1UL;
+        }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void GetCycle_uses_wide_prime_heuristic()
-	{
-		UInt128 prime = UInt128.Parse("18446744073709641691");
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			var mersenneDivisorCycles = MersenneDivisorCyclesGpu.GetCycle(gpu, prime).Should().Be((UInt128)1229782938247309446UL);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        if (prime == 3UL)
+        {
+            return 2UL;
+        }
 
-	private static ulong ComputeOrderByDoubling(ulong prime)
-	{
-		if (prime == 2UL)
-		{
-			return 1UL;
-		}
+        ulong order = 1UL;
+        ulong value = 2UL % prime;
 
-		if (prime == 3UL)
-		{
-			return 2UL;
-		}
+        while (value != 1UL)
+        {
+            value = (value * 2UL) % prime;
+            order++;
+        }
 
-		ulong order = 1UL;
-		ulong value = 2UL % prime;
-
-		while (value != 1UL)
-		{
-			value = (value * 2UL) % prime;
-			order++;
-		}
-
-		return order;
-	}
+        return order;
+    }
 }
-

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/PrimeTester/PrimeTesterGcdTests.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
@@ -7,28 +6,20 @@ namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
 public class PrimeTesterGcdTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[InlineData(81UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(101UL, false)]
-	public void SharesFactorWithMaxExponent_detects_gcd(ulong n, bool expected)
-	{
-		PrimeTester.SharesFactorWithMaxExponent(n).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(81UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(101UL, false)]
+    public void SharesFactorWithMaxExponent_detects_gcd(ulong n, bool expected)
+    {
+        PrimeTester.SharesFactorWithMaxExponent(n).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	public void SharesFactorWithMaxExponentBatch_filters_values()
-	{
-		ulong[] values = [81UL, 101UL];
-		Span<byte> results = stackalloc byte[values.Length];
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeTester.SharesFactorWithMaxExponentBatch(gpu, values, results);
-			results.ToArray().Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0 });
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    public void SharesFactorWithMaxExponentBatch_filters_values()
+    {
+        ulong[] values = [81UL, 101UL];
+        Span<byte> results = stackalloc byte[values.Length];
+        PrimeTester.SharesFactorWithMaxExponentBatch(values, results);
+        results.ToArray().Should().Equal(new byte[] { 1, 0 });
+    }
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/PrimeTester/PrimeTesterIsPrimeTests.cs

@@ -1,98 +1,81 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class PrimeTesterIsPrimeTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	// EvenPerfectBitScanner never routes the tiny values anymore; keep coverage focused on the admissible range handled by production scans so the guards in PrimeTester stay commented out without breaking validation.
-	[InlineData(7UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(9UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(11UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(13UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(21UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(97UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(133UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(137UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(143UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(199UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(209UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(403UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(341UL, false)]
-	public void IsPrime_returns_expected_results(ulong n, bool expected)
-	{
-		var tester = new PrimeTester();
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    // EvenPerfectBitScanner never routes the tiny values anymore; keep coverage focused on the admissible range handled by production scans so the guards in PrimeTester stay commented out without breaking validation.
+    [InlineData(7UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(9UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(11UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(13UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(21UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(97UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(133UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(137UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(143UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(199UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(209UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(403UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(341UL, false)]
+    public void IsPrime_returns_expected_results(ulong n, bool expected)
+    {
+        var tester = new PrimeTester();
 
-		PrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(n).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+		PrimeTester.IsPrime(n).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(139UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(189UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(193UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(279UL, false)]
-	public void IsPrimeGpu_uses_residue_specific_tables(ulong n, bool expected)
-	{
-		var tester = new PrimeTester();
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(139UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(189UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(193UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(279UL, false)]
+    public void IsPrimeGpu_uses_residue_specific_tables(ulong n, bool expected)
+    {
+        var tester = new PrimeTester();
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, n).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        tester.IsPrimeGpu(n).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrimeGpu_falls_back_to_cpu_when_forced()
-	{
-		var tester = new PrimeTester();
-		PrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(137UL).Should().BeTrue();
-		PrimeTester.IsPrimeCpu(341UL).Should().BeFalse();
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrimeGpu_falls_back_to_cpu_when_forced()
+    {
+        var tester = new PrimeTester();
+        PrimeTester.IsPrime(137UL).Should().BeTrue();
+        PrimeTester.IsPrime(341UL).Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrimeGpu_handles_parallel_calls_for_known_primes()
-	{
-		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.SetLimit(64);
-		PrimeTester.GpuBatchSize = 256_000;
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrimeGpu_handles_parallel_calls_for_known_primes()
+    {
+        GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.SetLimit(64);
+        PrimeTester.GpuBatchSize = 256_000;
 
-		ulong[] primes = [107UL, 127UL, 521UL, 607UL];
-		var results = new bool[primes.Length];
+        ulong[] primes = [107UL, 127UL, 521UL, 607UL];
+        var results = new bool[primes.Length];
 
-		var testers = new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			Parallel.For(0, primes.Length, i =>
-			{
-				results[i] = PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, primes[i]);
-			});
+        var testers = new ThreadLocal<PrimeTester>(() => new PrimeTester(), trackAllValues: true);
+        Parallel.For(0, primes.Length, i =>
+        {
+            results[i] = testers.Value!.IsPrimeGpu(primes[i]);
+        });
 
-			results.Should().AllBeEquivalentTo(true);
+        results.Should().AllBeEquivalentTo(true);
 
-			Parallel.For(0, Environment.ProcessorCount * 16, _ =>
-			{
-				foreach (ulong prime in primes)
-				{
-					PrimeTester.IsPrimeGpu(gpu, prime).Should().BeTrue();
-				}
-			});
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        Parallel.For(0, Environment.ProcessorCount * 16, _ =>
+        {
+            foreach (ulong prime in primes)
+            {
+                testers.Value!.IsPrimeGpu(prime).Should().BeTrue();
+            }
+        });
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/UInt128Extensions/UInt128ExtensionsTests.cs

@@ -1,305 +1,284 @@
 using System.Numerics;
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class UInt128ExtensionsTests
 {
-	public static IEnumerable<object[]> BinaryGcdCases()
-	{
-		yield return new object[] { UInt128.Zero, (UInt128)5, (UInt128)5 };
-		yield return new object[] { (UInt128)18, (UInt128)24, (UInt128)6 };
+    public static IEnumerable<object[]> BinaryGcdCases()
+    {
+        yield return new object[] { UInt128.Zero, (UInt128)5, (UInt128)5 };
+        yield return new object[] { (UInt128)18, (UInt128)24, (UInt128)6 };
 
-		UInt128 big1 = (UInt128.One << 96) + 12345;
-		UInt128 big2 = (UInt128.One << 80) + 67890;
-		yield return new object[]
-		{
-			big1,
-			big2,
-			(UInt128)BigInteger.GreatestCommonDivisor((BigInteger)big1, (BigInteger)big2)
-		};
-	}
+        UInt128 big1 = (UInt128.One << 96) + 12345;
+        UInt128 big2 = (UInt128.One << 80) + 67890;
+        yield return new object[]
+        {
+            big1,
+            big2,
+            (UInt128)BigInteger.GreatestCommonDivisor((BigInteger)big1, (BigInteger)big2)
+        };
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[MemberData(nameof(BinaryGcdCases))]
-	public void BinaryGcd_matches_BigInteger(UInt128 a, UInt128 b, UInt128 expected)
-	{
-		a.BinaryGcd(b).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [MemberData(nameof(BinaryGcdCases))]
+    public void BinaryGcd_matches_BigInteger(UInt128 a, UInt128 b, UInt128 expected)
+    {
+        a.BinaryGcd(b).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	public static IEnumerable<object[]> TrailingZeroCases()
-	{
-		yield return new object[] { UInt128.Zero, 128 };
-		yield return new object[] { (UInt128)1, 0 };
-		yield return new object[] { (UInt128)8, 3 };
-		yield return new object[] { UInt128.One << 80, 80 };
-	}
+    public static IEnumerable<object[]> TrailingZeroCases()
+    {
+        yield return new object[] { UInt128.Zero, 128 };
+        yield return new object[] { (UInt128)1, 0 };
+        yield return new object[] { (UInt128)8, 3 };
+        yield return new object[] { UInt128.One << 80, 80 };
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[MemberData(nameof(TrailingZeroCases))]
-	public void CountTrailingZeros_returns_expected(UInt128 value, int expected)
-	{
-		value.CountTrailingZeros().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [MemberData(nameof(TrailingZeroCases))]
+    public void CountTrailingZeros_returns_expected(UInt128 value, int expected)
+    {
+        value.CountTrailingZeros().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(3UL)]
-	[InlineData(5UL)]
-	[InlineData(7UL)]
-	public void CalculateOrderCpu_matches_naive(ulong q)
-	{
-		UInt128 q128 = q;
-		ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
-		q128.CalculateOrderCpu().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(3UL)]
+    [InlineData(5UL)]
+    [InlineData(7UL)]
+    public void CalculateOrder_matches_naive(ulong q)
+    {
+        UInt128 q128 = q;
+        ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
+        q128.CalculateOrder().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(3UL)]
-	[InlineData(5UL)]
-	[InlineData(7UL)]
-	public void CalculateOrderGpu_matches_naive(ulong q)
-	{
-		UInt128 q128 = q;
-		ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			q128.CalculateOrderGpu(gpu).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    private static ulong NaiveOrder(ulong q)
+    {
+        if (q <= 2UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-	private static ulong NaiveOrder(ulong q)
-	{
-		if (q <= 2UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
+        ulong order = 1UL;
+        ulong value = 2UL % q;
+        while (value != 1UL)
+        {
+            value = (value << 1) % q;
+            order++;
+        }
 
-		ulong order = 1UL;
-		ulong value = 2UL % q;
-		while (value != 1UL)
-		{
-			value = (value << 1) % q;
-			order++;
-		}
+        return order;
+    }
 
-		return order;
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(9UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(97UL, true)]
+    public void IsPrimeCandidate_checks_small(ulong n, bool expected)
+    {
+        ((UInt128)n).IsPrimeCandidate().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(9UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(97UL, true)]
-	public void IsPrimeCandidate_checks_small(ulong n, bool expected)
-	{
-		((UInt128)n).IsPrimeCandidate().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void IsPrimeCandidate_detects_large_composite()
+    {
+        UInt128 n = (UInt128.One << 64) + 1;
+        n.IsPrimeCandidate().Should().BeFalse();
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void IsPrimeCandidate_detects_large_composite()
-	{
-		UInt128 n = (UInt128.One << 64) + 1;
-		n.IsPrimeCandidate().Should().BeFalse();
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod10_8_5_3_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345678901234567890UL;
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod10_8_5_3_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345678901234567890UL;
+        value.Mod10_8_5_3(out ulong mod10, out ulong mod8, out ulong mod5, out ulong mod3);
 
-		value.Mod10_8_5_3(out ulong mod10, out ulong mod8, out ulong mod5, out ulong mod3);
+        ulong expected10 = (ulong)(value % 10);
+        ulong expected8 = (ulong)(value % 8);
+        ulong expected5 = (ulong)(value % 5);
+        ulong expected3 = (ulong)(value % 3);
 
-		ulong expected10 = (ulong)(value % 10);
-		ulong expected8 = (ulong)(value % 8);
-		ulong expected5 = (ulong)(value % 5);
-		ulong expected3 = (ulong)(value % 3);
+        mod10.Should().Be(expected10);
+        mod8.Should().Be(expected8);
+        mod5.Should().Be(expected5);
+        mod3.Should().Be(expected3);
+    }
 
-		mod10.Should().Be(expected10);
-		mod8.Should().Be(expected8);
-		mod5.Should().Be(expected5);
-		mod3.Should().Be(expected3);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 0UL)]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 1UL)]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 63UL)]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 127UL)]
+    [InlineData(3UL, 5UL)]
+    public void Pow_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent)
+    {
+        UInt128 v = value;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigPow(value, exponent);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 0UL)]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 1UL)]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 63UL)]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 127UL)]
-	[InlineData(3UL, 5UL)]
-	public void Pow_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent)
-	{
-		UInt128 v = value;
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigPow(value, exponent);
+        v.Pow(exponent).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		v.Pow(exponent).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    private static BigInteger BigPow(ulong value, ulong exponent)
+    {
+        BigInteger result = BigInteger.One;
+        BigInteger baseValue = value;
 
-	private static BigInteger BigPow(ulong value, ulong exponent)
-	{
-		BigInteger result = BigInteger.One;
-		BigInteger baseValue = value;
+        while (exponent != 0UL)
+        {
+            if ((exponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
+            {
+                result *= baseValue;
+            }
 
-		while (exponent != 0UL)
-		{
-			if ((exponent & 1UL) != 0UL)
-			{
-				result *= baseValue;
-			}
+            baseValue *= baseValue;
+            exponent >>= 1;
+        }
 
-			baseValue *= baseValue;
-			exponent >>= 1;
-		}
+        return result;
+    }
 
-		return result;
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 10UL, 17UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 3UL, 97UL)]
+    public void ModPow_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        UInt128 v = value;
+        UInt128 e = exponent;
+        UInt128 m = modulus;
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 10UL, 17UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 3UL, 97UL)]
-	public void ModPow_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 v = value;
-		UInt128 e = exponent;
-		UInt128 m = modulus;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(value, exponent, modulus);
 
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(value, exponent, modulus);
+        v.ModPow(e, m).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		v.ModPow(e, m).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void ModPow_handles_large_values()
+    {
+        UInt128 v = (UInt128.One << 96) + 12345;
+        UInt128 e = 17;
+        UInt128 m = 97;
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void ModPow_handles_large_values()
-	{
-		UInt128 v = (UInt128.One << 96) + 12345;
-		UInt128 e = 17;
-		UInt128 m = 97;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow((BigInteger)v, (BigInteger)e, (BigInteger)m);
 
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow((BigInteger)v, (BigInteger)e, (BigInteger)m);
+        v.ModPow(e, m).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		v.ModPow(e, m).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL)]
+    [InlineData(1UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL)]
+    public void Mod10_matches_operator(ulong low)
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + low;
+        value.Mod10().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 10));
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL)]
-	[InlineData(1UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL)]
-	public void Mod10_matches_operator(ulong low)
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + low;
-		value.Mod10().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 10));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod8_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
+        value.Mod8().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 8));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod8_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
-		value.Mod8().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 8));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod3_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
+        value.Mod3().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 3));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod3_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
-		value.Mod3().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 3));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod6_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 9876543210UL;
+        value.Mod6().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 6));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod6_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 9876543210UL;
-		value.Mod6().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 6));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod5_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
+        value.Mod5().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 5));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod5_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 12345;
-		value.Mod5().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 5));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod7_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 9876543210987654321UL;
+        value.Mod7().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 7));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod7_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 100) + 9876543210987654321UL;
-		value.Mod7().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 7));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod11_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 120) + 9876543210987654321UL;
+        value.Mod11().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 11));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod11_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 120) + 9876543210987654321UL;
-		value.Mod11().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 11));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mod128_matches_operator()
+    {
+        UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 120) + 9876543210987654321UL;
+        value.Mod128().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 128));
+    }
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mod128_matches_operator()
-	{
-		UInt128 value = (UInt128.One << 120) + 9876543210987654321UL;
-		value.Mod128().Should().Be((ulong)(value % 128));
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void Mul64_matches_expected_product()
+    {
+        UInt128 a = (UInt128.One << 80) + 123456789;
+        UInt128 b = (UInt128.One << 64) + 987654321;
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void Mul64_matches_expected_product()
-	{
-		UInt128 a = (UInt128.One << 80) + 123456789;
-		UInt128 b = (UInt128.One << 64) + 987654321;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)((UInt128)(ulong)a * b);
 
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)((UInt128)(ulong)a * b);
+        a.Mul64(b).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		a.Mul64(b).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(123UL, 456UL, 789UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL, 1009UL)]
+    public void MulMod_matches_BigInteger(ulong a, ulong b, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        UInt128 ua = a % modulus;
+        UInt128 ub = b % modulus;
+        UInt128 mod = modulus;
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(123UL, 456UL, 789UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL, 1009UL)]
-	public void MulMod_matches_BigInteger(ulong a, ulong b, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 ua = a % modulus;
-		UInt128 ub = b % modulus;
-		UInt128 mod = modulus;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)(((BigInteger)ua * (BigInteger)ub) % modulus);
 
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)(((BigInteger)ua * (BigInteger)ub) % modulus);
+        ua.MulMod(ub, mod).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		ua.MulMod(ub, mod).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Fact]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    public void MulMod_handles_large_inputs()
+    {
+        UInt128 a = (UInt128.One << 80) + 12345;
+        UInt128 b = (UInt128.One << 96) + 67890;
+        UInt128 mod = (UInt128.One << 100) - 93;
 
-	[Fact]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	public void MulMod_handles_large_inputs()
-	{
-		UInt128 a = (UInt128.One << 80) + 12345;
-		UInt128 b = (UInt128.One << 96) + 67890;
-		UInt128 mod = (UInt128.One << 100) - 93;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)(((BigInteger)a * (BigInteger)b) % (BigInteger)mod);
 
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)(((BigInteger)a * (BigInteger)b) % (BigInteger)mod);
-
-		a.MulMod(b, mod).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        a.MulMod(b, mod).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/ULongExtensionsTests.cs

@@ -1,282 +1,225 @@
 using System.Numerics;
 using FluentAssertions;
-using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests;
 
 public class ULongExtensionsTests
 {
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL)]
-	[InlineData(1UL)]
-	[InlineData(9UL)]
-	[InlineData(10UL)]
-	[InlineData(1234567890UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
-	public void Mod10_returns_same_as_operator(ulong value)
-	{
-		byte expected = (byte)(value % 10UL);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL)]
+    [InlineData(1UL)]
+    [InlineData(9UL)]
+    [InlineData(10UL)]
+    [InlineData(1234567890UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
+    public void Mod10_returns_same_as_operator(ulong value)
+    {
+        ulong expected = value % 10UL;
 
-		ULongExtensions.Mod10(value).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        ULongExtensions.Mod10(value).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
-	[InlineData(1234567890123456789UL)]
-	public void Mod128_matches_operator(ulong value)
-	{
-		value.Mod128().Should().Be(value % 128UL);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
+    [InlineData(1234567890123456789UL)]
+    public void Mod128_matches_operator(ulong value)
+    {
+        value.Mod128().Should().Be(value % 128UL);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(1UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
-	public void Mod10_8_5_3Steps_matches_manual_formula(ulong value)
-	{
-		value.Mod10_8_5_3Steps(out ulong step10, out ulong step8, out ulong step5, out ulong step3);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(1UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue)]
+    public void Mod10_8_5_3Steps_matches_manual_formula(ulong value)
+    {
+        value.Mod10_8_5_3Steps(out ulong step10, out ulong step8, out ulong step5, out ulong step3);
 
-		ulong expected10 = ((value % 10UL) << 1) % 10UL;
-		ulong expected8 = ((value & 7UL) << 1) & 7UL;
-		ulong expected5 = ((value % 5UL) << 1) % 5UL;
-		ulong expected3 = ((value % 3UL) << 1) % 3UL;
+        ulong expected10 = ((value % 10UL) << 1) % 10UL;
+        ulong expected8 = ((value & 7UL) << 1) & 7UL;
+        ulong expected5 = ((value % 5UL) << 1) % 5UL;
+        ulong expected3 = ((value % 3UL) << 1) % 3UL;
 
-		step10.Should().Be(expected10);
-		step8.Should().Be(expected8);
-		step5.Should().Be(expected5);
-		step3.Should().Be(expected3);
-	}
+        step10.Should().Be(expected10);
+        step8.Should().Be(expected8);
+        step5.Should().Be(expected5);
+        step3.Should().Be(expected3);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(9UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(97UL, true)]
-	public void IsPrimeCandidate_filters_composites(ulong candidate, bool expected)
-	{
-		candidate.IsPrimeCandidate().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(9UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(97UL, true)]
+    public void IsPrimeCandidate_filters_composites(ulong candidate, bool expected)
+    {
+        candidate.IsPrimeCandidate().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(3UL)]
-	[InlineData(5UL)]
-	[InlineData(7UL)]
-	[InlineData(11UL)]
-	public void CalculateOrderCpu_matches_naive_algorithm(ulong q)
-	{
-		ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(3UL)]
+    [InlineData(5UL)]
+    [InlineData(7UL)]
+    [InlineData(11UL)]
+    public void CalculateOrder_matches_naive_algorithm(ulong q)
+    {
+        ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
 
-		q.CalculateOrderCpu().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        q.CalculateOrder().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(3UL)]
-	[InlineData(5UL)]
-	[InlineData(7UL)]
-	[InlineData(11UL)]
-	public void CalculateOrderGpu_matches_naive_algorithm(ulong q)
-	{
-		ulong expected = NaiveOrder(q);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(2UL, 10UL, 17UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 3UL, 97UL)]
+    public void ModPow64_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        ulong expected = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(value, exponent, modulus);
 
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			q.CalculateOrderGpu(gpu).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+        value.ModPow64(exponent, modulus).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(2UL, 10UL, 17UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 3UL, 97UL)]
-	public void ModPow64_matches_BigInteger(ulong value, ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		ulong expected = (ulong)BigInteger.ModPow(value, exponent, modulus);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(10UL, 17UL)]
+    [InlineData(123UL, 97UL)]
+    public void PowMod_returns_same_as_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
 
-		value.ModPow64(exponent, modulus).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        exponent.PowMod((UInt128)modulus).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(10UL, 17UL)]
-	[InlineData(123UL, 97UL)]
-	public void PowMod_returns_same_as_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(5UL, 7UL, 3UL, 4UL)]
+    [InlineData(10UL, 7UL, 3UL, 2UL)]
+    public void PowModWithCycle_uses_cycle_length(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle, ulong expected)
+    {
+        ((UInt128)exponent).PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, cycle).Should().Be((UInt128)expected);
+    }
 
-		exponent.PowMod((UInt128)modulus).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(15UL, true)]
+    [InlineData(7UL, false)]
+    [InlineData(9UL, false)]
+    public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOne_detects_relationship(ulong exponent, bool expected)
+    {
+        exponent.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOne().Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(5UL, 7UL, 3UL, 4UL)]
-	[InlineData(10UL, 7UL, 3UL, 2UL)]
-	public void PowModWithCycle_uses_cycle_length(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle, ulong expected)
-	{
-		((UInt128)exponent).PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, cycle).Should().Be((UInt128)expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(1234567890123456789UL, 3UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 7UL)]
+    public void FastDiv64_matches_division(ulong value, ulong divisor)
+    {
+        ulong mul = (ulong)(((UInt128)1 << 64) / divisor);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(15UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(7UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(9UL, false)]
-	public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneCpu_detects_relationship(ulong exponent, bool expected)
-	{
-		exponent.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneCpu().Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        value.FastDiv64(divisor, mul).Should().Be(value / divisor);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(15UL, true)]
-	[InlineData(7UL, false)]
-	[InlineData(9UL, false)]
-	public void SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneGpu_detects_relationship(ulong exponent, bool expected)
-	{
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			exponent.SharesFactorWithExponentMinusOneGpu(gpu).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 1UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
+    public void MulHighCpu_matches_high_bits(ulong x, ulong y)
+    {
+        ulong expected = (ulong)(((UInt128)x * y) >> 64);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(1234567890123456789UL, 3UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 7UL)]
-	public void FastDiv64_matches_division(ulong value, ulong divisor)
-	{
-		ulong mul = (ulong)(((UInt128)1 << 64) / divisor);
+        x.MulHighCpu(y).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		value.FastDiv64(divisor, mul).Should().Be(value / divisor);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 1UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
+    public void MulHighGpu_matches_cpu_baseline(ulong x, ulong y)
+    {
+        x.MulHighGpu(y).Should().Be(x.MulHighCpu(y));
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 1UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
-	public void MulHighCpu_matches_high_bits(ulong x, ulong y)
-	{
-		ulong expected = (ulong)(((UInt128)x * y) >> 64);
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 2UL)]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
+    public void Mul64_matches_UInt128_product(ulong a, ulong b)
+    {
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)a * b;
 
-		x.MulHighCpu(y).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+        a.Mul64(b).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 1UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
-	public void MulHighGpu_matches_cpu_baseline(ulong x, ulong y)
-	{
-		x.MulHighGpu(y).Should().Be(x.MulHighCpu(y));
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL, 97UL)]
+    [InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, ulong.MaxValue, 1009UL)]
+    public void MulMod64_matches_BigInteger(ulong a, ulong b, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        ulong expected = (ulong)BigInteger.Remainder((BigInteger)a * b, modulus);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(0UL, 0UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, 2UL)]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL)]
-	public void Mul64_matches_UInt128_product(ulong a, ulong b)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)a * b;
+        a.MulMod64(b, modulus).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		a.Mul64(b).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(100UL, 7UL, 3UL)]
+    [InlineData(123UL, 9UL, 6UL)]
+    public void PowModWithCycle_ulong_overload_uses_cycle(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle)
+    {
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(123456789UL, 987654321UL, 97UL)]
-	[InlineData(ulong.MaxValue, ulong.MaxValue, 1009UL)]
-	public void MulMod64_matches_BigInteger(ulong a, ulong b, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		ulong expected = (ulong)BigInteger.Remainder((BigInteger)a * b, modulus);
+        exponent.PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, cycle).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		a.MulMod64(b, modulus).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(100UL, 7UL, 3UL)]
+    [InlineData(123UL, 9UL, 6UL)]
+    public void PowModWithCycle_ulong_uint128_cycle_uses_cycle(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle)
+    {
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(100UL, 7UL, 3UL)]
-	[InlineData(123UL, 9UL, 6UL)]
-	public void PowModWithCycle_ulong_overload_uses_cycle(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
+        exponent.PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, (UInt128)cycle).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		exponent.PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, cycle).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    [Theory]
+    [Trait("Category", "Fast")]
+    [InlineData(11UL, 13UL)]
+    public void PowModCrt_matches_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
+    {
+        MersenneDivisorCycles cycles = MersenneDivisorCycles.Shared;
+        UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(100UL, 7UL, 3UL)]
-	[InlineData(123UL, 9UL, 6UL)]
-	public void PowModWithCycle_ulong_uint128_cycle_uses_cycle(ulong exponent, ulong modulus, ulong cycle)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
+        exponent.PowModCrt((UInt128)modulus, cycles).Should().Be(expected);
+    }
 
-		exponent.PowModWithCycle((UInt128)modulus, (UInt128)cycle).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
+    private static ulong NaiveOrder(ulong q)
+    {
+        if (q <= 2UL)
+        {
+            return 0UL;
+        }
 
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 13UL)]
-	public void PowModCrtCpu_matches_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
+        ulong order = 1UL;
+        ulong value = 2UL % q;
+        while (value != 1UL)
+        {
+            value = (value << 1) % q;
+            order++;
+        }
 
-		exponent.PowModCrtCpu((UInt128)modulus).Should().Be(expected);
-	}
-
-	[Theory]
-	[Trait("Category", "Fast")]
-	[InlineData(11UL, 13UL)]
-	public void PowModCrtGpu_matches_BigInteger(ulong exponent, ulong modulus)
-	{
-		UInt128 expected = (UInt128)BigInteger.ModPow(2, exponent, modulus);
-
-		var gpu = PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Rent(1);
-		try
-		{
-			exponent.PowModCrtGpu(gpu, (UInt128)modulus).Should().Be(expected);
-		}
-		finally
-		{
-			PrimeOrderCalculatorAccelerator.Return(gpu);
-		}
-	}
-
-	private static ulong NaiveOrder(ulong q)
-	{
-		if (q <= 2UL)
-		{
-			return 0UL;
-		}
-
-		ulong order = 1UL;
-		ulong value = 2UL % q;
-		while (value != 1UL)
-		{
-			value = (value << 1) % q;
-			order++;
-		}
-
-		return order;
-	}
+        return order;
+    }
 
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core/AscendingDivisorRemainderStepper.cs

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-public struct AscendingDivisorRemainderStepper
-{
-    private readonly ulong _dividend;
-    private ulong _maxDivisor;
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public AscendingDivisorRemainderStepper(ulong value)
-    {
-        _dividend = value;
-        ulong root = (ulong)Math.Sqrt(value);
-        if ((UInt128)root * root < value)
-        {
-            root++;
-        }
-
-        _maxDivisor = root;
-    }
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-	public readonly bool ShouldContinue(ulong divisor) => divisor <= _maxDivisor;
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public bool Divides(ulong divisor)
-    {
-		ulong remainder = _dividend;
-		ulong quotient = remainder / divisor;
-        remainder -= quotient * divisor;
-        if (quotient < _maxDivisor)
-        {
-            _maxDivisor = quotient;
-        }
-
-        return remainder == 0UL;
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BTree.cs

@@ -1,269 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-[method: MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-public sealed class BTree<TKey, TValue>()
-{
-    private const int HashByteCount = sizeof(int);
-    private const int DefaultCapacity = 64;
-    private const int SmallBufferCapacity = 4;
-    private const int RootInlineThreshold = 2048;
-    private const int RootInlineInitialCapacity = 32;
-    private const int ShallowTreeThreshold = 1024;
-    private const int ShallowHashByteCount = 1;
-    private const int LeafInitialCapacity = 8;
-    private static readonly EqualityComparer<TKey> _defaultComparer = EqualityComparer<TKey>.Default;
-
-    private readonly TKey[] _smallKeys = new TKey[SmallBufferCapacity];
-    private readonly TValue[] _smallValues = new TValue[SmallBufferCapacity];
-    private int _smallCount;
-
-    private Node[] _nodes = [];
-    private int _nodeCount;
-
-    public int Count;
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public void Add(TKey key, TValue value)
-    {
-		TKey[] smallKeys = _smallKeys;
-		TValue[] smallValues = _smallValues;
-		int smallCount = _smallCount;
-		if (smallCount < SmallBufferCapacity)
-        {
-			smallKeys[smallCount] = key;
-			smallValues[smallCount] = value;
-            _smallCount = smallCount + 1;
-            Count++;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if (_nodeCount == 0)
-        {
-        	EnsureRoot();
-        }
-
-		Node[] nodes = _nodes;
-        if (smallCount > 0)
-        {
-			ref Node rootNode = ref nodes[0];
-            for (int i = 0; i < smallCount; i++)
-            {
-                rootNode.AddKeyValue(smallKeys[i], smallValues[i], RootInlineInitialCapacity);
-            }
-
-            _smallCount = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (Count < RootInlineThreshold)
-        {
-            ref Node root = ref nodes[0];
-            root.AddKeyValue(key, value, RootInlineInitialCapacity);
-            Count++;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        InsertIntoTree(GetHash(key), key, value, Count);
-        Count++;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public int CopyTo(Span<TValue> destination)
-    {
-        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(destination.Length, Count);
-
-        var written = 0;
-
-		int smallCount = _smallCount;
-		TValue[] smallValues = _smallValues;
-		for (int i = 0; i < smallCount; i++)
-        {
-			destination[written++] = smallValues[i];
-        }
-
-		int nodeCount = _nodeCount;
-		if (nodeCount == 0)
-        {
-            return written;
-        }
-
-        FixedCapacityStack<int> stack = new(nodeCount);
-        stack.Push(0);
-
-        Node[]? nodes = _nodes;
-        while (stack.Count > 0)
-        {
-            int index = stack.Pop();
-            ref readonly Node node = ref nodes[index];
-            written += node.CopyValues(destination[written..]);
-
-            for (int childIndex = 0; childIndex < Node.ChildCount; childIndex++)
-            {
-                index = node.GetChild(childIndex);
-                if (index != -1)
-                {
-                    stack.Push(index);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return written;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    private static uint GetHash(TKey key)
-    {
-        return key is not null
-            ? unchecked((uint)_defaultComparer.GetHashCode(key))
-            : 0u;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining | MethodImplOptions.NoOptimization)]
-    private void EnsureRoot()
-    {
-        _nodes = new Node[DefaultCapacity];
-        _nodes[0] = new Node();
-        _nodeCount = 1;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    private void InsertIntoTree(uint hash, TKey key, TValue value, int currentCount)
-    {
-        Node[]? nodes = _nodes;
-        int currentIndex = 0;
-        int depth = currentCount < ShallowTreeThreshold ? ShallowHashByteCount : HashByteCount;
-
-        int nodeCount = _nodeCount;
-        for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++)
-        {
-            ref Node node = ref nodes[currentIndex];
-            int bucket = (byte)(hash >> (i << 3)) >> 5;
-            int nextIndex = node.GetChild(bucket);
-            if (nextIndex == -1)
-            {
-                nextIndex = nodeCount;
-                nodes = EnsureNodeCapacity(nodes, nextIndex, nodeCount);
-                node = ref nodes[currentIndex];
-                nodes[nextIndex] = new Node();
-                node.SetChild(bucket, nextIndex);
-                nodeCount++;
-            }
-
-            currentIndex = nextIndex;
-        }
-
-		_nodes = nodes;
-        _nodeCount = nodeCount;
-        ref Node leaf = ref nodes[currentIndex];
-        leaf.AddKeyValue(key, value, LeafInitialCapacity);
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    private static Node[] EnsureNodeCapacity(in Node[] nodes, int requiredIndex, int liveNodeCount)
-    {
-        int currentLength = nodes.Length;
-        if (requiredIndex < currentLength)
-        {
-            return nodes;
-        }
-
-        int targetLength = currentLength == 0 ? DefaultCapacity : currentLength;
-        while (targetLength <= requiredIndex)
-        {
-            targetLength <<= 1;
-        }
-
-        Node[] newNodes = new Node[targetLength];
-        if (liveNodeCount > currentLength)
-        {
-            liveNodeCount = currentLength;
-        }
-
-        Array.Copy(nodes, newNodes, liveNodeCount);
-        return newNodes;
-    }
-
-    private struct Node
-    {
-        public const int ChildCount = 8;
-
-        private TKey[]? _keys;
-        private TValue[]? _values;
-        private int _entryCount;
-        private int[]? _children;
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-        public readonly int GetChild(int slot)
-        {
-            int[]? children = _children;
-            return children == null ? -1 : children[slot];
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-        public void SetChild(int slot, int index)
-        {
-            int[]? children = _children;
-            if (children == null)
-            {
-                children = new int[ChildCount];
-                for (int i = 0; i < ChildCount; i++)
-                {
-                    children[i] = -1;
-                }
-
-                _children = children;
-            }
-
-            children[slot] = index;
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-        public void AddKeyValue(TKey key, TValue value, int desiredInitialCapacity)
-        {
-            TKey[]? keys = _keys;
-            TValue[]? values = _values;
-            int entryCount = _entryCount;
-
-			int newLength;
-            if (keys == null)
-            {
-                newLength = desiredInitialCapacity < 4 ? 4 : desiredInitialCapacity;
-                keys = new TKey[newLength];
-                values = new TValue[newLength];
-                _keys = keys;
-                _values = values;
-            }
-            else if (entryCount == keys.Length)
-            {
-                newLength = keys.Length << 1;
-                TKey[] newKeys = new TKey[newLength];
-                TValue[] newValues = new TValue[newLength];
-                new Span<TKey>(keys, 0, entryCount).CopyTo(newKeys);
-                new Span<TValue>(values, 0, entryCount).CopyTo(newValues);
-                keys = newKeys;
-                values = newValues;
-                _keys = newKeys;
-                _values = newValues;
-            }
-
-            keys[entryCount] = key;
-            values![entryCount] = value;
-            _entryCount = entryCount + 1;
-        }
-
-        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-        public readonly int CopyValues(Span<TValue> destination)
-        {
-            TValue[]? values = _values;
-            if (values == null)
-            {
-                return 0;
-            }
-
-            int entryCount = _entryCount;
-            new Span<TValue>(values, 0, entryCount).CopyTo(destination);
-            return entryCount;
-        }
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BidirectionalCycleRemainderStepper.cs

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-public struct BidirectionalCycleRemainderStepper(ulong modulus)
-{
-	private readonly ulong _modulus = modulus;
-	private ulong _previous = 0UL;
-	private ulong _remainder = 0UL;
-
-	public readonly ulong Modulus
-	{
-		[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-		get
-		{
-			return _modulus;
-		}
-	}
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-	public void Initialize(ulong value)
-	{
-		_remainder = value.ReduceCycleRemainder(_modulus);
-		_previous = value;
-	}
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-	public ulong Step(ulong value)
-	{
-		long delta = unchecked((long)value - (long)_previous);
-		_previous = value;
-		if (delta == 0)
-		{
-			return _remainder;
-		}
-
-		if (delta > 0)
-		{
-			ulong step = ((ulong)delta).ReduceCycleRemainder(_modulus);
-			ulong sum = _remainder + step;
-			if (sum >= _modulus)
-			{
-				sum -= _modulus;
-			}
-
-			_remainder = sum;
-			return _remainder;
-		}
-
-		ulong backward = ((ulong)-delta).ReduceCycleRemainder(_modulus);
-		if (backward > _remainder)
-		{
-			ulong diff = backward - _remainder;
-			ulong wrap = diff.ReduceCycleRemainder(_modulus);
-			_remainder = wrap == 0 ? 0UL : _modulus - wrap;
-			return _remainder;
-		}
-
-		_remainder -= backward;
-		return _remainder;
-	}
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BigIntegerCycleRemainderStepper.cs

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Maintains rolling remainders of an increasing sequence modulo a BigInteger cycle length.
-/// Mirrors <see cref="CycleRemainderStepper"/> for values that exceed 64 bits.
-/// </summary>
-[method: MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-public struct BigIntegerCycleRemainderStepper(byte cycleLength)
-{
-    private readonly BigInteger _cycleLength = (BigInteger)cycleLength;
-    private BigInteger _previousValue = BigInteger.Zero;
-    private BigInteger _currentRemainder = 0;
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public byte Initialize(BigInteger value)
-    {
-        _previousValue = value;
-        _currentRemainder = value % _cycleLength;
-        return (byte)_currentRemainder;
-    }
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public bool NextIsNotDivisible(BigInteger value)
-    {
-		BigInteger delta = value - _previousValue;
-        _previousValue = value;
-		delta = (_currentRemainder + delta) % _cycleLength;
-        _currentRemainder = delta;
-        return !delta.IsZero;
-    }
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining | MethodImplOptions.AggressiveOptimization)]
-    public byte ComputeNext(BigInteger value)
-    {
-		BigInteger delta = value - _previousValue;
-        _previousValue = value;
-		delta = (_currentRemainder + delta) % _cycleLength;
-        _currentRemainder = delta;
-
-        return (byte)delta;
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BigIntegerExponentStepper.cs

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Tracks successive residues of <c>baseValue^exponent mod modulus</c> for ascending exponents using <see cref="BigInteger"/> inputs.
-/// This avoids recomputing full modular exponentiation when stepping forward by a known delta.
-/// </summary>
-public struct BigIntegerExponentStepper(BigInteger modulus, BigInteger baseValue)
-{
-    private readonly BigInteger _modulus = modulus;
-    private readonly BigInteger _baseValue = baseValue % modulus;
-    private BigInteger PreviousExponent = BigInteger.Zero;
-    private BigInteger CurrentResidue = BigInteger.One % modulus;
-
-	[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public BigInteger Initialize(BigInteger exponent)
-    {
-        CurrentResidue = BigInteger.ModPow(_baseValue, exponent, _modulus);
-        PreviousExponent = exponent;
-        return CurrentResidue;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public bool InitializeIsUnity(BigInteger exponent)
-    {
-        Initialize(exponent);
-        return CurrentResidue.IsOne;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public BigInteger ComputeNext(BigInteger exponent)
-    {
-        if (exponent == PreviousExponent)
-        {
-            return CurrentResidue;
-        }
-
-        BigInteger delta = exponent - PreviousExponent;
-        BigInteger deltaResidue = BigInteger.ModPow(_baseValue, delta, _modulus);
-        CurrentResidue = (CurrentResidue * deltaResidue) % _modulus;
-        PreviousExponent = exponent;
-        return CurrentResidue;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public bool ComputeNextIsUnity(BigInteger exponent)
-    {
-        ComputeNext(exponent);
-        return CurrentResidue.IsOne;
-    }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public void Reset()
-    {
-        PreviousExponent = BigInteger.Zero;
-        CurrentResidue = BigInteger.One % _modulus;
-    }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BigIntegerExtensions.cs

@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// BigInteger helpers including cycle-remainder reduction using the subtract ladder that benchmarked best.
-/// Shared stats/warm set stay here so ulong reductions can reuse them through ULongExtensions.
-/// </summary>
-public static partial class BigIntegerExtensions
-{
-    // private const int UnrolledSubtractCount = 6;
-    // private static readonly HashSet<ulong> WarmModuli;
-    // private static long _hits;
-    // private static long _misses;
-
-    // static BigIntegerExtensions()
-    // {
-    //     ulong[] snapshot = MersenneDivisorCycles.Shared.ExportSmallCyclesSnapshot();
-    //     WarmModuli = new HashSet<ulong>(snapshot.Length);
-    //     for (int i = 0; i < snapshot.Length; i++)
-    //     {
-    //         ulong cycle = snapshot[i];
-    //         if (cycle > 1UL)
-    //         {
-    //             WarmModuli.Add(cycle);
-    //         }
-    //     }
-    // }
-
-    // public static void DumpCycleRemainderStats()
-    // {
-    //     long hits = Interlocked.Read(ref _hits);
-    //     long misses = Interlocked.Read(ref _misses);
-    //     Console.WriteLine($"CycleRemainderReducerCache: hits={hits}, misses={misses}");
-    // }
-
-    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    public static BigInteger ReduceCycleRemainder(this BigInteger value, BigInteger modulus)
-    {
-        // Track(modulus);
-        // DumpCycleRemainderStats();
-
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        value -= modulus;
-        if (value < modulus)
-        {
-            return value;
-        }
-
-        return value % modulus;
-    }
-
-    // [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    // internal static void Track(in BigInteger modulus)
-    // {
-    //     if (modulus <= ulong.MaxValue)
-    //     {
-    //         Track((ulong)modulus);
-    //     }
-    //     else
-    //     {
-    //         Interlocked.Increment(ref _misses);
-    //     }
-    // }
-
-    // [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-    // internal static void Track(ulong modulus)
-    // {
-    //     if (WarmModuli.Contains(modulus))
-    //     {
-    //         Interlocked.Increment(ref _hits);
-    //     }
-    //     else
-    //     {
-    //         Interlocked.Increment(ref _misses);
-    //     }
-    // }
-}

PerfectNumbers.Core/BigIntegerNumbers.cs

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-
-namespace PerfectNumbers.Core
-{
-    public static class BigIntegerNumbers
-	{
-		public static readonly BigInteger OneShiftedLeft63 = BigInteger.One << 63;
-		public static readonly BigInteger OneShiftedLeft256MinusOne = (BigInteger.One << 256) - BigInteger.One;
-		public static readonly BigInteger UlongMaxValue = (BigInteger)ulong.MaxValue; 
-		public static readonly BigInteger UlongMaxValuePlusOne = UlongMaxValue + BigInteger.One;
-		public static readonly BigInteger UInt128MaxValue = (BigInteger)UInt128.MaxValue;
-		public static readonly BigInteger UInt128MaxValuePlusOne = UInt128MaxValue + BigInteger.One;
-
-		public static readonly BigInteger Two = 2UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact2 = 4UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact3 = 8UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact4 = 16UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact5 = 32UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact6 = 64UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact7 = 128UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact8 = 256UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact9 = 512UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact10 = 1_024UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact11 = 2_048UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact12 = 4_096UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact13 = 8_192UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact14 = 16_384UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact15 = 32_768UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact16 = 65_536UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact17 = 131_072UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact18 = 262_144UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact19 = 524_288UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact20 = 1_048_576UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact21 = 2_097_152UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact22 = 4_194_304UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact23 = 8_388_608UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact24 = 16_777_216UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact25 = 33_554_432UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact26 = 67_108_864UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact27 = 134_217_728UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact28 = 268_435_456UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact29 = 536_870_912UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact30 = 1_073_741_824UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact31 = 2_147_483_648UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact32 = 4_294_967_296UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact33 = 8_589_934_592UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact34 = 17_179_869_184UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact35 = 34_359_738_368UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact36 = 68_719_476_736UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact37 = 137_438_953_472UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact38 = 274_877_906_944UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact39 = 549_755_813_888UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact40 = 1_099_511_627_776UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact41 = 2_199_023_255_552UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact42 = 4_398_046_511_104UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact43 = 8_796_093_022_208UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact44 = 17_592_186_044_416UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact45 = 35_184_372_088_832UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact46 = 70_368_744_177_664UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact47 = 140_737_488_355_328UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact48 = 281_474_976_710_656UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact49 = 562_949_953_421_312UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact50 = 1_125_899_906_842_624UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact51 = 2_251_799_813_685_248UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact52 = 4_503_599_627_370_496UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact53 = 9_007_199_254_740_992UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact54 = 18_014_398_509_481_984UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact55 = 36_028_797_018_963_968UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact56 = 72_057_594_037_927_936UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact57 = 144_115_188_075_855_872UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact58 = 288_230_376_151_711_744UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact59 = 576_460_752_303_423_488UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact60 = 1_152_921_504_606_846_976UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact61 = 2_305_843_009_213_693_952UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact62 = 4_611_686_018_427_387_904UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2Exact63 = 9_223_372_036_854_775_808UL;
-
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne1 = 2UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne2 = 4UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne3 = 8UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne4 = 16UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne5 = 32UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne6 = 64UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne7 = 128UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne8 = 256UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne9 = 512UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne10 = 1_024UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne11 = 2_048UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne12 = 4_096UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne13 = 8_192UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne14 = 16_384UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne15 = 32_768UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne16 = 65_536UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne17 = 131_072UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne18 = 262_144UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne19 = 524_288UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne20 = 1_048_576UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne21 = 2_097_152UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne22 = 4_194_304UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne23 = 8_388_608UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne24 = 16_777_216UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne25 = 33_554_432UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne26 = 67_108_864UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne27 = 134_217_728UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne28 = 268_435_456UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne29 = 536_870_912UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne30 = 1_073_741_824UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne31 = 2_147_483_648UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne32 = 4_294_967_296UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne33 = 8_589_934_592UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne34 = 17_179_869_184UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne35 = 34_359_738_368UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne36 = 68_719_476_736UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne37 = 137_438_953_472UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne38 = 274_877_906_944UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne39 = 549_755_813_888UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne40 = 1_099_511_627_776UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne41 = 2_199_023_255_552UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne42 = 4_398_046_511_104UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne43 = 8_796_093_022_208UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne44 = 17_592_186_044_416UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne45 = 35_184_372_088_832UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne46 = 70_368_744_177_664UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne47 = 140_737_488_355_328UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne48 = 281_474_976_710_656UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne49 = 562_949_953_421_312UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne50 = 1_125_899_906_842_624UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne51 = 2_251_799_813_685_248UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne52 = 4_503_599_627_370_496UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne53 = 9_007_199_254_740_992UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne54 = 18_014_398_509_481_984UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne55 = 36_028_797_018_963_968UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne56 = 72_057_594_037_927_936UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne57 = 144_115_188_075_855_872UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne58 = 288_230_376_151_711_744UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne59 = 576_460_752_303_423_488UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne60 = 1_152_921_504_606_846_976UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne61 = 2_305_843_009_213_693_952UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne62 = 4_611_686_018_427_387_904UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne63 = 9_223_372_036_854_775_808UL - 1UL;
-		public static readonly BigInteger Pow2MinusOne1024 = (BigInteger.One << 1024) - BigInteger.One;
-	}
-}