Functionality and classes separated. Kernel initialization made dependent on a flag. Cleanup.

PerfectNumbers.Core.Tests/Gpu/GpuKernelCompilationTests.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public class GpuKernelCompilationTests
     private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>> MersenneDivisorCyclesKernel =
         DivisorCycleKernels.GpuDivisorCycleKernel;
 
-    private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel =
+    private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSmallPrimeKernel =
         PrimeTesterKernels.SmallPrimeSieveKernel;
 
     private static readonly Action<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> PrimeTesterSharesFactorKernel =
@@ -346,43 +346,44 @@ public class GpuKernelCompilationTests
         _ = kernel;
     }
 
-    private static void CompileGpuKernelPoolKernels(Accelerator accelerator)
-    {
+	private static KernelType _kernelType = KernelType.Pow2ModKernelScan | KernelType.OrderKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalOrderKernelScan | KernelType.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan | KernelType.EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel | KernelType.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan;
+	private static void CompileGpuKernelPoolKernels(Accelerator accelerator)
+	{
 
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
 		AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-        try
+		try
 		{
-			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
-            _ = kernels.Order;
-            _ = kernels.Incremental;
-            _ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
-            _ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
+			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, _kernelType);
+			_ = kernels.Order;
+			_ = kernels.Incremental;
+			_ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
+			_ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
 			_ = kernels.Pow2ModOrder;
-        }
-        finally
+		}
+		finally
 		{
 			stream.Synchronize();
 			stream.Dispose();
-            GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
-        }
+			GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
+		}
 
 		stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-        try
-        {
-			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
-            _ = kernels.Order;
-            _ = kernels.Incremental;
-            _ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
-            _ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
-            _ = kernels.Pow2ModOrder;
-        }
-        finally
-        {
+		try
+		{
+			var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, _kernelType);
+			_ = kernels.Order;
+			_ = kernels.Incremental;
+			_ = kernels.Pow2Mod;
+			_ = kernels.IncrementalOrder;
+			_ = kernels.Pow2ModOrder;
+		}
+		finally
+		{
 			stream.Synchronize();
 			stream.Dispose();
-            GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
-        }
-    }
+			GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
+		}
+	}
 }

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/AcceleratorReferenceComparer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+
+internal sealed class AcceleratorReferenceComparer : IEqualityComparer<Accelerator>
+{
+	internal static AcceleratorReferenceComparer Instance { get; } = new();
+
+	public bool Equals(Accelerator? x, Accelerator? y) => ReferenceEquals(x, y);
+
+	public int GetHashCode(Accelerator obj) => RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode(obj);
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Accelerators/HeuristicGpuTables.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using ILGPU;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+
+internal sealed class HeuristicGpuTables
+{
+	private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Accelerator, HeuristicGpuTables> _sharedTables = new(20_480, PerfectNumberConstants.RollingAccelerators);
+
+	internal static HeuristicGpuTables EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
+		=> _sharedTables.GetOrAdd(accelerator, _ => new HeuristicGpuTables(accelerator, stream));
+
+	internal HeuristicGpuTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
+	{
+		// lock (accelerator)
+		{
+			var heuristicGroupA = HeuristicPrimeSieves.GroupADivisorsStorage;
+			HeuristicGroupADivisors = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, heuristicGroupA);
+
+			var heuristicGroupASquares = HeuristicPrimeSieves.GroupADivisorSquaresStorage;
+			HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, heuristicGroupASquares);
+
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastOneWithoutLastThree);
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastOneWithoutLastThree);
+
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastSevenWithoutLastThree);
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastSevenWithoutLastThree);
+
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastNineWithoutLastThree);
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastNineWithoutLastThree);
+
+			var combinedEnding1 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding1;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding1);
+			var combinedSquaresEnding1 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding1Squares;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding1);
+
+			var combinedEnding3 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding3;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding3);
+			var combinedSquaresEnding3 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding3Squares;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding3);
+
+			var combinedEnding7 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding7;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding7);
+			var combinedSquaresEnding7 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding7Squares;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding7);
+
+			var combinedEnding9 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding9;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding9);
+			var combinedSquaresEnding9 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding9Squares;
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding9);
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisors;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9;
+
+	internal HeuristicGpuDivisorTables CreateHeuristicDivisorTables() => new(
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7.View,
+			HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9.View,
+			HeuristicGroupADivisors.View,
+			HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9.View,
+			HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9.View);
+
+	private static MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> CopySpanToDevice(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream, in ulong[] span)
+	{
+		MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>? buffer;
+		// lock (accelerator)
+		{
+			buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, span);
+		}
+
+		return buffer;
+	}
+
+	private static MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> CopyUintSpanToDevice(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream, ReadOnlySpan<uint> span)
+	{
+		MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>? buffer;
+		// lock (accelerator)
+		{
+			buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(span.Length);
+		}
+
+		if (!span.IsEmpty)
+		{
+			var converted = new ulong[span.Length];
+			for (int i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
+			{
+				converted[i] = span[i];
+			}
+
+			buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, converted);
+		}
+
+		return buffer;
+	}
+
+	internal void Dispose()
+	{
+		HeuristicGroupADivisors.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9.Dispose();
+		HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9.Dispose();
+		HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9.Dispose();
+	}
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Accelerators/HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using ILGPU;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+
+internal sealed class HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator
+{
+	#region Pool
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	private static Queue<HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator>? Pool;
+
+	internal static void WarmUp()
+	{
+		Accelerator[]? accelerators = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Accelerators;
+		int acceleratorCount = accelerators.Length;
+		Span<AcceleratorStream> streams = new(new AcceleratorStream[acceleratorCount]);
+		for (var i = 0; i < acceleratorCount; i++)
+		{
+			Console.WriteLine($"Preparing heuristic accelerator {i}...");
+			var accelerator = accelerators[i];
+			AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
+			Accelerators.HeuristicGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
+			// _ = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.None);
+			// KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+			// GpuStaticTableInitializer.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+			streams[i] = stream;
+		}
+
+		for (var i = 0; i < acceleratorCount; i++)
+		{
+			AcceleratorStream stream = streams[i];
+			stream.Synchronize();
+			stream.Dispose();
+			Console.WriteLine($"Heuristic accelerator {i} is ready");
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal static HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator Rent(int minBufferCapacity = 1)
+	{
+		var pool = Pool ??= new();
+		if (!pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+		{
+			lease = new HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator(minBufferCapacity);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			lease.EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
+		}
+
+		return lease;
+	}
+
+	internal static void Return(HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator lease)
+	{
+		var pool = Pool ??= new();
+		pool.Enqueue(lease);
+	}
+
+	internal static void DisposeAll()
+	{
+		if (Pool != null)
+		{
+			while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+			{
+				lease.DisposeResources();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal static void Clear()
+	{
+		if (Pool != null)
+		{
+			var retained = new List<HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator>();
+			while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+			{
+				lease.DisposeResources();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	#endregion
+
+	private readonly HeuristicGpuDivisorTables _heuristicDivisorTables;
+	internal readonly Context Context;
+	public readonly Accelerator Accelerator;
+	public AcceleratorStream? Stream;
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>? SmallPrimeSieveKernel;
+
+	internal static Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
+	{
+		var pool = SmallPrimeSieveKernel ??= [];
+		if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var cached))
+		{
+			return cached;
+		}
+
+		cached = KernelUtil.GetKernel(accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>(PrimeTesterKernels.SmallPrimeSieveKernel)).CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>();
+		pool[accelerator] = cached;
+		return cached;
+	}
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>>? HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel;
+
+	internal static Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables> GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
+	{
+		var pool = HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel ??= [];
+		if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var cached))
+		{
+			return cached;
+		}
+
+		cached = KernelUtil.GetKernel(accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>(PrimeTesterKernels.HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel)).CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>>();
+		pool[accelerator] = cached;
+		return cached;
+	}
+
+
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> Input = null!;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<byte, Stride1D.Dense> Output = null!;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<int, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicFlag = null!;
+	public int BufferCapacity;
+
+	private HeuristicGpuTables _sharedTables;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisors => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupADivisors;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9;
+
+	public HeuristicGpuDivisorTables HeuristicGpuTables => _heuristicDivisorTables;
+
+	internal HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator(int minBufferCapacity)
+	{
+		Accelerator accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
+		Context = accelerator.Context;
+
+		Accelerator = accelerator;
+		AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
+		// var kernels = _kernels[index]; //GpuKernelPool.Kernels;
+		// GpuStaticTableInitializer.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+
+		_sharedTables = Accelerators.HeuristicGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
+		var heuristicDivisorTables = _sharedTables.CreateHeuristicDivisorTables();
+		_heuristicDivisorTables = heuristicDivisorTables;
+
+		EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
+		stream.Synchronize();
+		stream.Dispose();
+	}
+
+	public void EnsureCapacity(int minCapacity)
+	{
+		if (minCapacity <= BufferCapacity)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		Input?.Dispose();
+		Output?.Dispose();
+		HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
+
+		// lock (Accelerator)
+		{
+			Input = Accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(minCapacity);
+			Output = Accelerator.Allocate1D<byte>(minCapacity);
+			HeuristicFlag = Accelerator.Allocate1D<int>(minCapacity);
+		}
+
+		BufferCapacity = minCapacity;
+	}
+
+	public void Dispose()
+	{
+		Stream?.Dispose();
+		Stream = null;
+		Return(this);
+	}
+
+	internal void DisposeResources()
+	{
+		Input?.Dispose();
+		Output?.Dispose();
+		HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
+		Stream?.Dispose();
+		Stream = null;
+		// ReleaseSharedTables(_sharedTables);
+		// These resources are shared between GPU leases
+		// Accelerator.Dispose();
+		// AcceleratorContext.Dispose();
+	}
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Accelerators/LastDigitGpuTables.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using ILGPU;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+
+internal sealed class LastDigitGpuTables
+{
+	private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Accelerator, LastDigitGpuTables> _sharedTables = new(20_480, PerfectNumberConstants.RollingAccelerators);
+
+	internal static LastDigitGpuTables EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
+		=> _sharedTables.GetOrAdd(accelerator, _ => new LastDigitGpuTables(accelerator, stream));
+
+	internal LastDigitGpuTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
+	{
+		var primesLastOne = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastOne;
+		var primesLastSeven = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastSeven;
+		var primesLastThree = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastThree;
+		var primesLastNine = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastNine;
+		var primesPow2LastOne = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastOne;
+		var primesPow2LastSeven = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastSeven;
+		var primesPow2LastThree = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastThree;
+		var primesPow2LastNine = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastNine;
+
+		// lock (accelerator)
+		{
+			DevicePrimesLastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesLastOne);
+			DevicePrimesLastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesLastSeven);
+			DevicePrimesLastThree = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesLastThree);
+			DevicePrimesLastNine = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesLastNine);
+			DevicePrimesPow2LastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesPow2LastOne);
+			DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesPow2LastSeven);
+			DevicePrimesPow2LastThree = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesPow2LastThree);
+			DevicePrimesPow2LastNine = accelerator.Allocate1D(stream, primesPow2LastNine);
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastOne;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastSeven;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastThree;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastNine;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastOne;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastThree;
+	internal readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastNine;
+
+	internal void Dispose()
+	{
+		DevicePrimesLastOne.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesLastSeven.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesLastThree.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesLastNine.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesPow2LastOne.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesPow2LastThree.Dispose();
+		DevicePrimesPow2LastNine.Dispose();
+	}
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Accelerators/Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator.cs

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ public sealed class Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator
 	public readonly Accelerator Accelerator;
 	public readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> Input;
 	public readonly MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> Output;
-	public MemoryBuffer1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>, Stride1D.Dense> ToTestOnDevice;
-	public Dictionary<ulong, int> ToTestOnHost = [];
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>, Stride1D.Dense> Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice;
+	public Dictionary<ulong, int> Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnHost = [];
 	public AcceleratorStream? Stream;
 
 	public readonly Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>> ConvertToStandardKernel;
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ public sealed class Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator
 
 	public void EnsureCapacity(int factorsCount)
 	{
-		if (factorsCount > ToTestOnDevice.Length)
+		if (factorsCount > Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice.Length)
 		{
 			Accelerator accelerator = Accelerator;
-			ToTestOnDevice.Dispose();
-			ToTestOnDevice = accelerator.Allocate1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>>(factorsCount);
+			Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice.Dispose();
+			Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice = accelerator.Allocate1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>>(factorsCount);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public sealed class Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator
 
 		Input = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(1);
 		Output = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(1);
-		ToTestOnDevice = accelerator.Allocate1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>>(factorsCount);
+		Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice = accelerator.Allocate1D<KeyValuePair<ulong, int>>(factorsCount);
 
 		var keepKernel = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(Pow2MontgomeryKernels.Pow2MontgomeryKernelKeepMontgomery);
 		var keepLauncher = KernelUtil.GetKernel(keepKernel);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public sealed class Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator
 		Input.Dispose();
 		Output.Dispose();
 		Stream?.Dispose();
-		ToTestOnDevice.Dispose();
+		Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice.Dispose();
 		// Accelerator is shared with other threads
 		// Accelerator.Dispose();
 	}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Accelerators/PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using ILGPU;
+using ILGPU.Runtime;
+
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
+
+internal sealed class PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator
+{
+	#region Pool
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	private static Queue<PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator>? Pool;
+
+	// internal static void EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator)
+	// {
+	// 	var tables = CreateSharedTables(accelerator);
+	// }
+
+	internal static void WarmUp()
+	{
+		Accelerator[]? accelerators = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Accelerators;
+		int acceleratorCount = accelerators.Length;
+		Span<AcceleratorStream> streams = new(new AcceleratorStream[acceleratorCount]);
+		for (var i = 0; i < acceleratorCount; i++)
+		{
+			Console.WriteLine($"Preparing accelerator {i}...");
+			var accelerator = accelerators[i];
+			AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
+			LastDigitGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
+			// SharedHeuristicGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
+			// _ = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.None);
+			// KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+			// GpuStaticTableInitializer.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+			streams[i] = stream;
+		}
+
+		for (var i = 0; i < acceleratorCount; i++)
+		{
+			AcceleratorStream stream = streams[i];
+			stream.Synchronize();
+			stream.Dispose();
+			Console.WriteLine($"Accelerator {i} is ready");
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal static PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator Rent(int minBufferCapacity = 1)
+	{
+		var pool = Pool ??= new();
+		if (!pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+		{
+			lease = new PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator(minBufferCapacity);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			lease.EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
+		}
+
+		return lease;
+	}
+
+	internal static void Return(PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator lease)
+	{
+		var pool = Pool ??= new();
+		pool.Enqueue(lease);
+	}
+
+	internal static void DisposeAll()
+	{
+		if (Pool != null)
+		{
+			while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+			{
+				lease.DisposeResources();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal static void Clear()
+	{
+		if (Pool != null)
+		{
+			var retained = new List<PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator>();
+			while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
+			{
+				lease.DisposeResources();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	#endregion
+
+	private readonly LastDigitGpuTables _sharedTables;
+	internal readonly Context Context;
+	public readonly Accelerator Accelerator;
+	private AcceleratorStream? _stream;
+	public AcceleratorStream Stream
+	{
+		[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+		get => _stream ?? Accelerator.CreateStream();
+	}
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>? SmallPrimeSieveKernel;
+
+	internal static Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
+	{
+		var pool = SmallPrimeSieveKernel ??= [];
+		if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var cached))
+		{
+			return cached;
+		}
+
+		cached = KernelUtil.GetKernel(accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>(PrimeTesterKernels.SmallPrimeSieveKernel)).CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>();
+		pool[accelerator] = cached;
+		return cached;
+	}
+
+	[ThreadStatic]
+	public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>>? HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel;
+
+
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> Input = null!;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<byte, Stride1D.Dense> Output = null!;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<int, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicFlag = null!;
+	public int BufferCapacity;
+
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastOne => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastOne;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastSeven => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastSeven;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastThree => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastThree;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastNine => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastNine;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastOne => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastOne;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastThree => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastThree;
+	public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastNine => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastNine;
+
+	internal PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator(int minBufferCapacity)
+	{
+		Accelerator accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
+		Context = accelerator.Context;
+
+		Accelerator = accelerator;
+		AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
+
+		var sharedTables = LastDigitGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
+		_sharedTables = sharedTables;
+
+		EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
+		stream.Synchronize();
+		stream.Dispose();
+	}
+
+	public void EnsureCapacity(int minCapacity)
+	{
+		if (minCapacity <= BufferCapacity)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		Input?.Dispose();
+		Output?.Dispose();
+		HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
+
+		// lock (Accelerator)
+		{
+			Input = Accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(minCapacity);
+			Output = Accelerator.Allocate1D<byte>(minCapacity);
+			HeuristicFlag = Accelerator.Allocate1D<int>(minCapacity);
+		}
+
+		BufferCapacity = minCapacity;
+	}
+
+	public void Dispose()
+	{
+		_stream?.Dispose();
+		_stream = null;
+		Return(this);
+	}
+
+	internal void DisposeResources()
+	{
+		Input?.Dispose();
+		Output?.Dispose();
+		HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
+		_stream?.Dispose();
+		_stream = null;
+		// ReleaseSharedTables(_sharedTables);
+		// These resources are shared between GPU leases
+		// Accelerator.Dispose();
+		// AcceleratorContext.Dispose();
+	}
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/GpuKernelPool.cs

@@ -19,91 +19,156 @@ public class GpuKernelPool
 		return Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref target, newValue, null) ?? newValue;
 	}
 
-	internal static KernelContainer GetOrAddKernels(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
+	internal static KernelContainer GetOrAddKernels(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream, KernelType kernelType)
 	{
 		var pool = _pool ??= [];
-		if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var kernelContainer))
+		if (!pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var kernels))
 		{
-			return kernelContainer;
+			kernels = new KernelContainer();			
 		}
 
-		var kernels = new KernelContainer();
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.Order, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.OrderKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<GpuUInt128>, ArrayView<ulong>>(OrderKernels.OrderKernelScan);
+			InitOrderKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<GpuUInt128>, ArrayView<ulong>>>();
-		});
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.Pow2Mod, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.Pow2ModKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(Pow2ModKernels.Pow2ModKernelScan);
+			InitPow2ModKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.Incremental, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.IncrementalKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(IncrementalKernels.IncrementalKernelScan);
+			InitIncrementalKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.IncrementalOrder, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.IncrementalOrderKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(IncrementalKernels.IncrementalOrderKernelScan);
+			IncrementalOrderKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, 
-			ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.Pow2ModOrder, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(Pow2ModKernels.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan);
+			InitPow2ModOrderKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.SpecialMax, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel);
+			InitEvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-		
-		InitOnce(ref kernels.SmallPrimeFactor, () =>
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan))
 		{
-			var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, uint, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(SmallPrimeFactorKernels.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan);
+			InitSmallPrimeFactorKernelScan(accelerator, kernels);
+		}
 
-			var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
-			
-			return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, uint, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
-		});
-			
-		PreloadStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+		PreloadStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream, kernelType);
 
 		pool[accelerator] = kernels;
 		return kernels;
+
+		static void InitOrderKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.Order, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<GpuUInt128>, ArrayView<ulong>>(OrderKernels.OrderKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<GpuUInt128>, ArrayView<ulong>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void InitPow2ModKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.Pow2Mod, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(Pow2ModKernels.Pow2ModKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void InitIncrementalKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.Incremental, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(IncrementalKernels.IncrementalKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ulong, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void IncrementalOrderKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.IncrementalOrder, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(IncrementalKernels.IncrementalOrderKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte,
+				ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void InitPow2ModOrderKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.Pow2ModOrder, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(Pow2ModKernels.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, GpuUInt128, GpuUInt128, byte, ulong, ResidueAutomatonArgs, ArrayView<int>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void InitEvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.SpecialMax, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, MontgomeryDivisorData, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
+
+		static void InitSmallPrimeFactorKernelScan(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels)
+		{
+			InitOnce(ref kernels.SmallPrimeFactor, () =>
+			{
+				var loaded = accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ulong, uint, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>(SmallPrimeFactorKernels.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan);
+
+				var kernel = KernelUtil.GetKernel(loaded);
+
+				return kernel.CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ulong, uint, ArrayView1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, int, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<int, Stride1D.Dense>, ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>>>();
+			});
+		}
 	}
 
-	internal static void PreloadStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels, AcceleratorStream stream)
+	internal static void PreloadStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels, AcceleratorStream stream, KernelType kernelType)
 	{
-		EnsureSmallCyclesOnDevice(accelerator, kernels, stream);
-		EnsureSmallPrimesOnDevice(accelerator, kernels, stream);
-		EnsureSmallPrimeFactorTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.SmallCycles))
+		{
+			EnsureSmallCyclesOnDevice(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+		}
+
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.SmallPrimes))
+		{
+			EnsureSmallPrimesOnDevice(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+		}
+		
+		if (kernelType.HasFlag(KernelType.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan))
+		{
+			EnsureSmallPrimeFactorTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);			
+		}
 	}
 
 	public static ArrayView1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> GetSmallCyclesOnDevice(KernelContainer kernels) => kernels.SmallCycles!;
@@ -166,12 +231,12 @@ public class GpuKernelPool
 
 		// lock (accelerator)
 		// {
-			deviceLastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(hostLastOne.Length);
-			deviceLastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(hostLastSeven.Length);
-			deviceLastOnePow2 = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(hostLastOnePow2.Length);
-			deviceLastSevenPow2 = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(hostLastSevenPow2.Length);
+		deviceLastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(hostLastOne.Length);
+		deviceLastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(hostLastSeven.Length);
+		deviceLastOnePow2 = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(hostLastOnePow2.Length);
+		deviceLastSevenPow2 = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(hostLastSevenPow2.Length);
 		// }
-		
+
 		deviceLastOne.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, hostLastOne);
 		deviceLastSeven.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, hostLastSeven);
 		deviceLastOnePow2.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, hostLastOnePow2);
@@ -186,7 +251,7 @@ public class GpuKernelPool
 		kernels.SmallPrimeFactorsPrimes!,
 		kernels.SmallPrimeFactorsSquares!
 	);
-	
+
 	private static void EnsureSmallPrimeFactorTables(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels, AcceleratorStream stream)
 	{
 		if (kernels.SmallPrimeFactorsPrimes is { } && kernels.SmallPrimeFactorsSquares is { })
@@ -206,7 +271,7 @@ public class GpuKernelPool
 			devicePrimes = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(length);
 			deviceSquares = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(length);
 		}
-		
+
 		devicePrimes.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, hostPrimes);
 		deviceSquares.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, hostSquares);
 

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/GpuStaticTableInitializer.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ internal static class GpuStaticTableInitializer
     internal static void EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, KernelContainer kernels, AcceleratorStream stream)
 	{
 		// PrimeTester.PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator);
-		GpuKernelPool.PreloadStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
+		GpuKernelPool.PreloadStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream, KernelType.None);
 		// PrimeOrderGpuHeuristics.PreloadStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
     }
 

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/KernelType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+namespace PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+
+[Flags]
+public enum KernelType
+{
+	None,
+	SmallCycles,
+	SmallPrimes,
+	Pow2ModKernelScan,
+	OrderKernelScan,
+	IncrementalKernelScan,
+	IncrementalOrderKernelScan,
+	Pow2ModOrderKernelScan,
+	EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel,
+	SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan
+}

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/Kernels/PrimeTesterKernels.cs

@@ -20,12 +20,10 @@ internal static class PrimeTesterKernels
     public static void SmallPrimeSieveKernel(
 		Index1D index,
 		ArrayView<ulong> numbers,
-		ArrayView<uint> smallPrimes,
 		ArrayView<uint> smallPrimesLastOne,
 		ArrayView<uint> smallPrimesLastSeven,
 		ArrayView<uint> smallPrimesLastThree,
 		ArrayView<uint> smallPrimesLastNine,
-		ArrayView<ulong> smallPrimesPow2,
 		ArrayView<ulong> smallPrimesPow2LastOne,
 		ArrayView<ulong> smallPrimesPow2LastSeven,
 		ArrayView<ulong> smallPrimesPow2LastThree,
@@ -35,8 +33,8 @@ internal static class PrimeTesterKernels
         ulong n = numbers[index];
         byte result = 1;
 
-        ArrayView<uint> primes = smallPrimes;
-        ArrayView<ulong> primeSquares = smallPrimesPow2;
+        ArrayView<uint> primes;
+        ArrayView<ulong> primeSquares;
         ulong lastDigit = n % 10UL;
         switch (lastDigit)
         {
@@ -55,7 +53,9 @@ internal static class PrimeTesterKernels
             case 9UL:
                 primes = smallPrimesLastNine;
                 primeSquares = smallPrimesPow2LastNine;
-                break;
+				break;
+			default:
+				return;
         }
 
         int length = (int)primes.Length;

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/MersenneNumberIncrementalGpuTester.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberIncrementalGpuTester(GpuKernelType kernelType, bool u
         ulong divMul = (ulong)((((UInt128)1 << 64) - UInt128.One) / exponent) + 1UL;
         byte last = lastDigit == LastDigit.Seven ? (byte)1 : (byte)0; // ILGPU kernels do not support bool parameters
 
-		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.Pow2ModKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalKernelScan);
 		var pow2Kernel = kernels.Pow2Mod!;
         var incKernel = kernels.Incremental!;
         ulong step10 = (exponent.Mod10() << 1).Mod10();

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/MersenneNumberOrderGpuTester.cs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberOrderGpuTester(GpuKernelType kernelType, bool useGpuO
 		ulong divMul = (ulong)((((UInt128)1 << 64) - UInt128.One) / exponent) + 1UL;
 		byte last = lastDigit == LastDigit.Seven ? (byte)1 : (byte)0; // ILGPU kernels do not support bool parameters
 
-		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.Pow2ModOrderKernelScan | KernelType.IncrementalOrderKernelScan);
 		var kernel = _kernelType switch
 		{
 			GpuKernelType.Pow2Mod => kernels.Pow2ModOrder!,

PerfectNumbers.Core/Gpu/MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public class MersenneNumberResidueGpuTester(bool useGpuOrder)
 		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
 		var kernel = GetPow2ModKernel(accelerator);
 		var resources = RentResources(accelerator, GpuConstants.ScanBatchSize);
-		var gpuKernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+		var gpuKernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.SmallCycles | KernelType.SmallPrimes);
 
 		var orderBuffer = resources.OrderBuffer;
 		ulong[] orderArray = resources.OrderArray;

PerfectNumbers.Core/HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Open.Numeric.Primes;
 using ILGPU.Runtime;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
 
@@ -77,10 +78,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7ThreeATwoB;
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9ThreeATwoB;
 
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding1;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding3;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding1;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding3;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9;
 
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding1TwoAOneBSquares;
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding3TwoAOneBSquares;
@@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7ThreeATwoBSquares;
 	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9ThreeATwoBSquares;
 
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding1Squares;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding3Squares;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7Squares;
-	private static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9Squares;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding1Squares;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding3Squares;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding7Squares;
+	internal static readonly ulong[] CombinedDivisorsEnding9Squares;
 
 	private static readonly ulong[] HeuristicSmallCycleSnapshot = MersenneDivisorCycles.Shared.ExportSmallCyclesSnapshot();
 
@@ -223,11 +224,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester
 
 	private static bool HeuristicTrialDivisionGpuDetectsDivisor(ulong n, ulong maxDivisorSquare, byte nMod10)
 	{
-		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		var gpu = PrimeTester.PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Rent(1);
+		var gpu = HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.Rent(1);
 		var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 		var stream = gpu.Stream;
-		var kernel = PrimeTester.PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.PrimeTesterGpuContextLease.GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(accelerator);
+		var kernel = HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(accelerator);
 		var flagView1D = gpu.HeuristicFlag.View;
 		var flagView = flagView1D.AsContiguous();
 
@@ -236,6 +236,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester
 
 		int compositeFlag = 0;
 		flagView1D.CopyFromCPU(stream, ref compositeFlag, 1);
+		stream!.Synchronize();
+
+		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
+
 		kernel(
 				stream,
 				divisorLength,
@@ -247,10 +251,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester
 		flagView1D.CopyToCPU(stream, ref compositeFlag, 1);
 		stream.Synchronize();
 
-		compositeDetected = compositeFlag != 0;
-
-		gpu.Dispose();
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
+
+		compositeDetected = compositeFlag != 0;
+		HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.Return(gpu);
 		return compositeDetected;
 	}
 

PerfectNumbers.Core/HeuristicPrimeSieves.cs

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ public static class HeuristicPrimeSieves
     private static readonly ushort[] GroupBResiduesEnding7 = [17, 37, 47, 67, 97, 107, 127, 137, 157, 167, 187, 197];
     private static readonly ushort[] GroupBResiduesEnding9 = [19, 29, 59, 79, 89, 109, 139, 149, 169, 179, 199, 209];
 
-    private static readonly ulong[] GroupADivisorsStorage;
-    private static readonly ulong[] GroupADivisorSquaresStorage;
+    internal static readonly ulong[] GroupADivisorsStorage;
+    internal static readonly ulong[] GroupADivisorSquaresStorage;
 
     private static readonly ulong[] GroupBDivisorsEnding1Storage;
     private static readonly ulong[] GroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1Storage;

PerfectNumbers.Core/HeuristicPrimeTester.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Open.Numeric.Primes;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using ILGPU.Runtime;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
 
@@ -241,10 +242,10 @@ public sealed class HeuristicPrimeTester
 	private bool HeuristicTrialDivisionGpuDetectsDivisor(ulong n, ulong maxDivisorSquare, byte nMod10)
 	{
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		var gpu = PrimeTester.PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Rent(1);
+		var gpu = HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.Rent(1);
 		var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 		var stream = gpu.Stream;
-		var kernel = PrimeTester.PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.PrimeTesterGpuContextLease.GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(accelerator);
+		var kernel = HeuristicPrimeTesterAccelerator.GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(accelerator);
 		var flagView1D = gpu.HeuristicFlag.View;
 		var flagView = flagView1D.AsContiguous();
 
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ public sealed class HeuristicPrimeTester
 
 		flagView1D.CopyFromCPU(stream, ref compositeFlag, 1);
 		kernel(
-				stream,
+				stream!,
 				groupALength,
 				flagView,
 				n,
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ public sealed class HeuristicPrimeTester
 				gpu.HeuristicGpuTables);
 
 		flagView1D.CopyToCPU(stream, ref compositeFlag, 1);
-		stream.Synchronize();
+		stream!.Synchronize();
 
 		compositeDetected = compositeFlag != 0;
 

PerfectNumbers.Core/MersenneNumberTester.cs

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public sealed class MersenneNumberTester(
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
 		var accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
 		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-		var orderKernel = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream).Order!;
+		var orderKernel = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.OrderKernelScan).Order!;
 
 		// Guard long-running kernels by chunking the warm-up across batches.
 		// Reuse the same ScanBatchSize knob used for scanning.

PerfectNumbers.Core/PrimeOrderCalculator.Gpu.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ internal static partial class PrimeOrderCalculator
 	private static ulong CalculateByFactorizationGpu(Pow2MontgomeryAccelerator gpu, ulong prime, in MontgomeryDivisorData divisorData)
 	{
 		ulong phi = prime - 1UL;
-		Dictionary<ulong, int> counts = gpu.ToTestOnHost;
+		Dictionary<ulong, int> counts = gpu.Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnHost;
 		counts.Clear();
 		
 		FactorCompletelyCpu(phi, counts);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ internal static partial class PrimeOrderCalculator
 
 		AcceleratorStream stream = gpu.Stream!;
 		gpu.EnsureCapacity(entryCount);
-		gpu.ToTestOnDevice.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, entries);
+		gpu.Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, entries);
 
 		ulong order = phi;
 		var kernel = gpu.CheckFactorsKernel;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ internal static partial class PrimeOrderCalculator
 
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
 
-		kernel.Launch(stream, 1, entryCount, phi, gpu.ToTestOnDevice.View, divisorData, gpu.Output.View);
+		kernel.Launch(stream, 1, entryCount, phi, gpu.Pow2ModEntriesToTestOnDevice.View, divisorData, gpu.Output.View);
 		gpu.Output.View.CopyToCPU(stream, ref order, 1);
 		stream.Synchronize();
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ internal static partial class PrimeOrderCalculator
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
 		Accelerator accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
 		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+		KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.SmallPrimeFactorKernelScan);
 
 		ScratchBuffer scratch = GpuScratchBufferPool.Rent(accelerator, GpuSmallPrimeFactorSlots, 0);
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ internal static partial class PrimeOrderCalculator
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
 		Accelerator accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
 		var stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-		var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream);
+		var kernels = GpuKernelPool.GetOrAddKernels(accelerator, stream, KernelType.EvaluateSpecialMaxCandidatesKernel);
 
 		ScratchBuffer scratch = GpuScratchBufferPool.Rent(accelerator, 0, factorCount);
 

PerfectNumbers.Core/PrimeTester.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-using System;
 using System.Buffers;
-using System.Collections.Concurrent;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Numerics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using ILGPU;
 using ILGPU.Runtime;
 using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu;
+using PerfectNumbers.Core.Gpu.Accelerators;
 
 namespace PerfectNumbers.Core;
 
@@ -96,10 +94,10 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 	public static bool IsPrimeGpu(ulong n)
 	{
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		var gpu = PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Rent(1);
+		var gpu = PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.Rent(1);
 		var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 		var stream = gpu.Stream;
-		var kernel = PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.PrimeTesterGpuContextLease.GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(accelerator);
+		var kernel = PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(accelerator);
 
 		ulong value = n;
 		// Span<byte> flag = stackalloc byte[1];
@@ -115,12 +113,10 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 						stream,
 						1,
 						inputView,
-						gpu.DevicePrimesDefault.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesLastOne.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesLastSeven.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesLastThree.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesLastNine.View,
-						gpu.DevicePrimesPow2Default.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastOne.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven.View,
 						gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastThree.View,
@@ -155,7 +151,7 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 				return;
 			}
 
-			PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.WarmUp(target, GpuBatchSize);
+			PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.WarmUp();
 			WarmedGpuLeaseCount = target;
 		}
 	}
@@ -164,10 +160,10 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 	public static void IsPrimeBatchGpu(ReadOnlySpan<ulong> values, Span<byte> results)
 	{
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Acquire();
-		var gpu = PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Rent(GpuBatchSize);
+		var gpu = PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.Rent(GpuBatchSize);
 		var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 		var stream = gpu.Stream;
-		var kernel = PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.PrimeTesterGpuContextLease.GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(accelerator);
+		var kernel = PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(accelerator);
 		int totalLength = values.Length;
 		int batchSize = GpuBatchSize;
 
@@ -190,12 +186,10 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 					stream,
 					count,
 					inputView,
-					gpu.DevicePrimesDefault.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesLastOne.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesLastSeven.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesLastThree.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesLastNine.View,
-					gpu.DevicePrimesPow2Default.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastOne.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven.View,
 					gpu.DevicePrimesPow2LastThree.View,
@@ -214,483 +208,15 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 		GpuPrimeWorkLimiter.Release();
 	}
 
-	internal static class PrimeTesterGpuContextPool
-	{
-		[ThreadStatic]
-		private static Queue<PrimeTesterGpuContextLease>? Pool;
-		private static readonly object WarmUpLock = new();
-		private static int WarmedLeaseCount;
-
-		// internal static void EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator)
-		// {
-		// 	var tables = CreateSharedTables(accelerator);
-		// }
-
-		internal static void WarmUp(int target, int minBufferCapacity)
-		{
-			// if (target <= 0)
-			// {
-			// 	return;
-			// }
-
-			// lock (WarmUpLock)
-			// {
-			// 	if (target <= WarmedLeaseCount)
-			// 	{
-			// 		return;
-			// 	}
-
-			// 	Accelerator accelerator = SharedGpuContext.Accelerator;
-			// 	AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-			// 	KernelContainer kernels = GpuKernelPool.Kernels;
-
-			// 	GpuStaticTableInitializer.EnsureStaticTables(kernels, stream);
-
-			// 	int toCreate = target - WarmedLeaseCount;
-			// 	for (int i = 0; i < toCreate; i++)
-			// 	{
-			// 		Pool.Enqueue(new PrimeTesterGpuContextLease(minBufferCapacity, stream));
-			// 	}
-
-			// 	stream.Synchronize();
-			// 	stream.Dispose();
-			// 	WarmedLeaseCount = target;
-			// }
-		}
-
-		internal static PrimeTesterGpuContextLease Rent(int minBufferCapacity = 1)
-		{
-			var pool = Pool ??= new();
-			if (!pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
-			{
-				lease = new PrimeTesterGpuContextLease(minBufferCapacity);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				lease.EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
-			}
-
-			return lease;
-		}
-
-
-		internal static void Return(PrimeTesterGpuContextLease lease)
-		{
-			var pool = Pool ??= new();
-				pool.Enqueue(lease);
-		}
-
-		internal static void DisposeAll()
-		{
-			if (Pool != null)
-			{
-				while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
-				{
-					lease.DisposeResources();
-				}
-			}
-
-			WarmedLeaseCount = 0;
-		}
-
-		internal static void Clear()
-		{
-			if (Pool != null)
-			{
-				lock (WarmUpLock)
-				{
-					var retained = new List<PrimeTesterGpuContextLease>();
-					while (Pool.TryDequeue(out var lease))
-					{
-						lease.DisposeResources();
-					}
-
-					WarmedLeaseCount = Pool.Count;
-				}				
-			}
-		}
-
-		internal sealed class PrimeTesterGpuContextLease
-		{
-			private readonly SharedHeuristicGpuTables _sharedTables;
-			private readonly HeuristicGpuDivisorTables _heuristicDivisorTables;
-			internal readonly Context AcceleratorContext;
-			public readonly Accelerator Accelerator;
-			private AcceleratorStream? _stream;
-			public AcceleratorStream Stream
-			{
-				[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-				get => _stream ?? Accelerator.CreateStream();
-			}
-
-			[ThreadStatic]
-			public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>? SmallPrimeSieveKernel;
-
-			internal static Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>> GetSmallPrimeSieveKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
-			{
-				var pool = SmallPrimeSieveKernel ??= [];
-				if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var cached))
-				{
-					return cached;
-				}
-
-				cached = KernelUtil.GetKernel(accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>(PrimeTesterKernels.SmallPrimeSieveKernel)).CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<uint>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<ulong>, ArrayView<byte>>>();
-				pool[accelerator] = cached;
-				return cached;
-			}
-
-			[ThreadStatic]
-			public static Dictionary<Accelerator, Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>>? HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel;
-
-			internal static Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables> GetHeuristicTrialDivisionKernel(Accelerator accelerator)
-			{
-				var pool = HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel ??= [];
-				if (pool.TryGetValue(accelerator, out var cached))
-				{
-					return cached;
-				}
-
-				cached = KernelUtil.GetKernel(accelerator.LoadAutoGroupedStreamKernel<Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>(PrimeTesterKernels.HeuristicTrialDivisionKernel)).CreateLauncherDelegate<Action<AcceleratorStream, Index1D, ArrayView<int>, ulong, ulong, HeuristicGpuDivisorTableKind, HeuristicGpuDivisorTables>>();
-				pool[accelerator] = cached;
-				return cached;
-			}
-
-
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> Input = null!;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<byte, Stride1D.Dense> Output = null!;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<int, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicFlag = null!;
-			public int BufferCapacity;
-
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesDefault => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesDefault;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastOne => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastOne;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastSeven => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastSeven;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastThree => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastThree;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastNine => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesLastNine;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2Default => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2Default;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastOne => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastOne;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastThree => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastThree;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastNine => _sharedTables.DevicePrimesPow2LastNine;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisors => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupADivisors;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9;
-			public MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9 => _sharedTables.HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9;
-
-			public HeuristicGpuDivisorTables HeuristicGpuTables => _heuristicDivisorTables;
-
-			internal PrimeTesterGpuContextLease(int minBufferCapacity)
-			{
-				AcceleratorContext = SharedGpuContext.Context;
-				Accelerator accelerator = AcceleratorPool.Shared.Rent();
-				// lock (_accelerators)
-				// {
-				// }
-
-				Accelerator = accelerator;
-				AcceleratorStream stream = accelerator.CreateStream();
-				// var kernels = _kernels[index]; //GpuKernelPool.Kernels;
-				// GpuStaticTableInitializer.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, kernels, stream);
-
-				var sharedTables = SharedHeuristicGpuTables.EnsureStaticTables(accelerator, stream);
-				_sharedTables = sharedTables;
-
-				var heuristicDivisorTables = sharedTables.CreateHeuristicDivisorTables();
-				_heuristicDivisorTables = heuristicDivisorTables;
-
-				EnsureCapacity(minBufferCapacity);
-				stream.Synchronize();
-				stream.Dispose();
-			}
-
-			public void EnsureCapacity(int minCapacity)
-			{
-				if (minCapacity <= BufferCapacity)
-				{
-					return;
-				}
-
-				Input?.Dispose();
-				Output?.Dispose();
-				HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
-
-				// lock (Accelerator)
-				{
-					Input = Accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(minCapacity);
-					Output = Accelerator.Allocate1D<byte>(minCapacity);
-					HeuristicFlag = Accelerator.Allocate1D<int>(minCapacity);
-				}
-
-				BufferCapacity = minCapacity;
-			}
-
-			public void Dispose()
-			{
-				_stream?.Dispose();
-				_stream = null;
-				Return(this);
-			}
-
-			internal void DisposeResources()
-			{
-				Input?.Dispose();
-				Output?.Dispose();
-				HeuristicFlag?.Dispose();
-				_stream?.Dispose();
-				_stream = null;
-				// ReleaseSharedTables(_sharedTables);
-				// These resources are shared between GPU leases
-				// Accelerator.Dispose();
-				// AcceleratorContext.Dispose();
-			}
-		}
-
-		private sealed class AcceleratorReferenceComparer : IEqualityComparer<Accelerator>
-		{
-			internal static AcceleratorReferenceComparer Instance { get; } = new();
-
-			public bool Equals(Accelerator? x, Accelerator? y)
-			{
-				return ReferenceEquals(x, y);
-			}
-
-			public int GetHashCode(Accelerator obj)
-			{
-				return RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode(obj);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private sealed class SharedHeuristicGpuTables
-		{
-			private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Accelerator, SharedHeuristicGpuTables> _sharedTables = new(20_480, PerfectNumberConstants.RollingAccelerators);
-
-			private int _referenceCount;
-
-			internal static SharedHeuristicGpuTables EnsureStaticTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
-				=> _sharedTables.GetOrAdd(accelerator, _ => new SharedHeuristicGpuTables(accelerator, stream));
-
-			internal SharedHeuristicGpuTables(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream)
-			{
-				var primesDefault = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimes;
-				var primesLastOne = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastOne;
-				var primesLastSeven = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastSeven;
-				var primesLastThree = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastThree;
-				var primesLastNine = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastNine;
-				var primesPow2Default = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2;
-				var primesPow2LastOne = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastOne;
-				var primesPow2LastSeven = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastSeven;
-				var primesPow2LastThree = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastThree;
-				var primesPow2LastNine = DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastNine;
-
-				// lock (accelerator)
-				{
-					DevicePrimesDefault = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(primesDefault.Length);
-					DevicePrimesLastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(primesLastOne.Length);
-					DevicePrimesLastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(primesLastSeven.Length);
-					DevicePrimesLastThree = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(primesLastThree.Length);
-					DevicePrimesLastNine = accelerator.Allocate1D<uint>(primesLastNine.Length);
-					DevicePrimesPow2Default = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(primesPow2Default.Length);
-					DevicePrimesPow2LastOne = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(primesPow2LastOne.Length);
-					DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(primesPow2LastSeven.Length);
-					DevicePrimesPow2LastThree = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(primesPow2LastThree.Length);
-					DevicePrimesPow2LastNine = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(primesPow2LastNine.Length);
-				}
-
-				DevicePrimesDefault.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesDefault);
-				DevicePrimesLastOne.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesLastOne);
-				DevicePrimesLastSeven.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesLastSeven);
-				DevicePrimesLastThree.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesLastThree);
-				DevicePrimesLastNine.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesLastNine);
-				DevicePrimesPow2Default.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesPow2Default);
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastOne.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesPow2LastOne);
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesPow2LastSeven);
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastThree.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesPow2LastThree);
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastNine.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, primesPow2LastNine);
-
-				HeuristicPrimeSieves.EnsureInitialized();
-				HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.EnsureInitialized();
-
-				var heuristicGroupA = HeuristicPrimeSieves.GroupADivisors;
-				HeuristicGroupADivisors = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, heuristicGroupA);
-
-				var heuristicGroupASquares = HeuristicPrimeSieves.GroupADivisorSquares;
-				HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, heuristicGroupASquares);
-
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastOneWithoutLastThree);
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastOneWithoutLastThree);
-
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastSevenWithoutLastThree);
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastSevenWithoutLastThree);
-
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9 = CopyUintSpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesLastNineWithoutLastThree);
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, DivisorGenerator.SmallPrimesPow2LastNineWithoutLastThree);
-
-				var combinedEnding1 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding1Span;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding1);
-				var combinedSquaresEnding1 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding1SquaresSpan;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding1);
-
-				var combinedEnding3 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding3Span;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding3);
-				var combinedSquaresEnding3 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding3SquaresSpan;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding3);
-
-				var combinedEnding7 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding7Span;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding7);
-				var combinedSquaresEnding7 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding7SquaresSpan;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding7);
-
-				var combinedEnding9 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding9Span;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedEnding9);
-				var combinedSquaresEnding9 = HeuristicCombinedPrimeTester.CombinedDivisorsEnding9SquaresSpan;
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9 = CopySpanToDevice(accelerator, stream, combinedSquaresEnding9);
-			}
-
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesDefault { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastOne { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastSeven { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastThree { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<uint, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesLastNine { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2Default { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastOne { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastThree { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> DevicePrimesPow2LastNine { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisors { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9 { get; }
-			internal MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9 { get; }
-
-			internal HeuristicGpuDivisorTables CreateHeuristicDivisorTables()
-			{
-				return new HeuristicGpuDivisorTables(
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7.View,
-					HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9.View,
-					HeuristicGroupADivisors.View,
-					HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9.View,
-					HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9.View);
-			}
-
-			[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-			internal void AddReference() => Atomic.Add(ref _referenceCount, 1);
-
-			[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-			internal void Release() => Atomic.Add(ref _referenceCount, -1);
-
-			private static MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> CopySpanToDevice(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream, ReadOnlySpan<ulong> span)
-			{
-				MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>? buffer;
-				// lock (accelerator)
-				{
-					buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(span.Length);
-				}
-
-				if (!span.IsEmpty)
-				{
-					ref ulong sourceRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span);
-					buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, ref sourceRef, span.Length);
-				}
-
-				return buffer;
-			}
-
-			private static MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense> CopyUintSpanToDevice(Accelerator accelerator, AcceleratorStream stream, ReadOnlySpan<uint> span)
-			{
-				MemoryBuffer1D<ulong, Stride1D.Dense>? buffer;
-				// lock (accelerator)
-				{
-					buffer = accelerator.Allocate1D<ulong>(span.Length);
-				}
-
-				if (!span.IsEmpty)
-				{
-					var converted = new ulong[span.Length];
-					for (int i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
-					{
-						converted[i] = span[i];
-					}
-
-					buffer.View.CopyFromCPU(stream, converted);
-				}
-
-				return buffer;
-			}
-
-			internal void Dispose()
-			{
-				DevicePrimesDefault.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesLastOne.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesLastSeven.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesLastThree.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesLastNine.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesPow2Default.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastOne.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastSeven.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastThree.Dispose();
-				DevicePrimesPow2LastNine.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupADivisors.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupADivisorSquares.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding1.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding1.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding7.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding7.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorsEnding9.Dispose();
-				HeuristicGroupBDivisorSquaresEnding9.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding1.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding1.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding3.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding3.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding7.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding7.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorsEnding9.Dispose();
-				HeuristicCombinedDivisorSquaresEnding9.Dispose();
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	// Expose cache clearing for accelerator disposal coordination
 	public static void ClearGpuCaches()
 	{
-		PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Clear();
+		PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.Clear();
 	}
 
 	internal static void DisposeGpuContexts()
 	{
-		PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.DisposeAll();
+		PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.DisposeAll();
 		lock (GpuWarmUpLock)
 		{
 			WarmedGpuLeaseCount = 0;
@@ -715,7 +241,7 @@ public sealed class PrimeTester
 		// TODO: Route this batch helper through the shared GPU kernel pool from
 		// GpuUInt128BinaryGcdBenchmarks so we reuse cached kernels, pinned host buffers,
 		// and divisor-cycle staging instead of allocating new device buffers per call.
-		var gpu = PrimeTesterGpuContextPool.Rent();
+		var gpu = PrimeTesterByLastDigitAccelerator.Rent();
 		var accelerator = gpu.Accelerator;
 		var stream = gpu.Stream;